2021.11.21 國際新聞導讀-以色列協助菲律賓陸海空軍快速現代化銷售大量軍火、索馬利亞記者遭青年黨自殺炸彈客攻擊死、敘利亞阿塞德政權越趨穩定多國恢復與其往來、GCC波灣阿拉伯國家考慮給予更多有才能外國人加入其國籍

蘇老師講解國際新聞、中東與中亞歷史、中國事務、太空知識的頻道。 Diplomat's daily news review and history research on Middle East and Central Asia, China Affairs and Space Exploration

2021.11.21 國際新聞導讀-以色列協助菲律賓陸海空軍快速現代化銷售大量軍火、索馬利亞記者遭青年黨自殺炸彈客攻擊死、敘利亞阿塞德政權越趨穩定多國恢復與其往來、GCC波灣阿拉伯國家考慮給予更多有才能外國人加入其國籍
以色列幫助菲律賓武裝部隊現代化
以色列因向馬尼拉出售武器而受到批評，因為菲律賓總統羅德里戈·杜阿爾特 (Rodrigo Duarte) 將自己等同於希特勒。
作者：安娜·阿羅海姆
以色列將通過提供軍事技術和其他系統，幫助菲律賓武裝部隊實現現代化。
“我們在引進不同的技術和系統方面進行了不同層次的交流，[菲律賓] 海軍、陸軍、空軍 [和] PCG [菲律賓海岸警衛隊] 可以使用這些技術和系統。因此，我們與這裡的不同軍事部門保持聯繫，”《馬尼拉時報》援引以色列駐菲律賓大使伊蘭·弗盧斯的話說。
弗盧斯說，國防合作“是政府對政府的，以色列領先公司可以引進他們的技術和最佳實踐”，以幫助馬尼拉更新其軍隊。
“我認為這很重要，因為它再次為和平以及菲律賓人民和以色列人的安全做出貢獻。”
兩國保持著密切的安全關係，多年來以色列向菲律賓軍隊出售了大量武器。最近，隨著南中國海的緊張局勢，流入該地區的總體武器流量激增。
2017 年 5 月 29 日，菲律賓南部馬拉維市有更多士兵增援與 Maute 團體作戰（圖片來源：REUTERS/ERIK DE CASTRO）
中東研究所的一份報告發現，以色列在 2001-2018 年間向菲律賓交付的國防產品包括 Blue Horizo​​n 無人機、EL/M-2032 交流戰鬥雷達和 EL/M-2288 AD-STAR 空中搜索雷達系統、M- 68/M-71 155mm 牽引炮、Spike-ER 反坦克導彈、Spike-NLOS SSM/ASM 和 EL/M-2022 多平台飛機雷達。
最近被任命為大使的弗盧斯還對菲律賓海軍 (PN) 海軍上將阿德魯斯·博爾達多進行了介紹性訪問，兩人在那裡討論了各種海上和國防安全問題。
“菲律賓和以色列的雙邊關係以及牢固的國防和軍事夥伴關係是弗盧斯大使禮節性拜訪海軍總司令期間討論的重點，”菲律賓新聞社援引菲律賓國家聯盟發言人本喬·內格蘭薩指揮官的話說。
肚臍一貼物，晚上貼、早上揭！排油輕掉秤，快速告別大肚腩懶人減肥肚貼貼贊助
菲律賓海軍將在政府間採購協議中採購 8 艘快速攻擊攔截導彈艦（FAIC-M）。該協議被授予以色列造船廠和拉斐爾先進防禦系統，分為兩批。
據 Negranza 稱，“Lot 1 包括交付九個平台，其中四個將具有導彈能力，以及升級海軍造船廠以建立本地生產線作為技術轉讓的一部分…… 2包括武器和戰鬥系統的整合。”
前兩艘艦艇定於 2022 年底抵達，是杜特爾特的菲律賓現代化計劃的地平線 2 修訂版武裝部隊的一部分。
以色列因向馬尼拉出售武器而受到批評。2019年，人權律師伊泰麥克和其他以色列律師向高等法院提起訴訟，要求以色列不要向菲律賓出售武器、武器系統和軍事防禦系統，稱菲律賓是一個侵犯人權的國家。
該訴訟稱，菲律賓總統羅德里戈·杜特爾特是“大屠殺兇手，支持對婦女的暴力行為，炸毀少數族裔兒童的學校，並將自己與希特勒劃上等號。”
Israel to help the Philippines modernize its armed forces
Israel has faced criticism for its arms sales to Manila, seeing as Philippine president, Rodrigo Duarte, has equated himself to Hitler.
By ANNA AHRONHEIM
Published: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 14:12
Updated: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 20:37
Soldiers holding their weapons stand on attention during the 121st anniversary celebration of the Philippine Army at Taguig city, Metro Manila, Philippines March 20, 2018
(photo credit: ROMEO RANOCO/REUTERS)
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Israel will help modernize the Philippines Armed Forces by providing military technology and other systems.
“We have exchanges on different levels in bringing in different technologies and systems which can be used by the [Philippine] Navy, the Army, the Air Force [and] the PCG [Philippine Coast Guard]. So, we’re in touch with different military branches here,” Israel’s Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss was quoted as saying by The Manila Times.
Fluss said that defense cooperation is “done government-to-government, and leading Israeli companies can introduce their technology and best practices,” to help Manila update its military.
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“I think it’s important because it contributes again to peace and to the safety and security of both the Filipino people and the Israelis alike.”
The two countries maintain close security ties, with Israel having sold a large amount of weaponry to the Philippine Army over the years. Recently, the overall flow of arms to the region has spiked with tensions in the South China Sea.
Members of Philippine Marines are pictured aboard a vehicle as more soldiers reinforce to fight the Maute group in Marawi City in southern Philippines May 29, 2017 (credit: REUTERS/ERIK DE CASTRO)
A report by the Middle East Institute found that defense products delivered by Israel to the Philippines between 2001-2018 included Blue Horizon UAVs, EL/M-2032 ac combat radar and EL/M-2288 AD-STAR air search radar systems, M-68/M-71 155mm towed guns, Spike-ER anti-tank missiles, Spike-NLOS SSM/ASM, and EL/M-2022 multiple-platform aircraft radar.
Fluss, who was recently appointed ambassador, also paid an introductory visit to Philippine Navy (PN) flag-officer-in-command Vice Adm. Adeluis Bordado, where the two discussed various maritime and defense security issues.
“The bilateral ties and strong defense and military partnership of the Philippines and Israel were among the highlights of the discussions during Ambassador Fluss’s courtesy call on the Navy chief,” PN spokesperson Commander Benjo Negranza was quoted as saying by The Philippine News Agency.
The Philippine Navy will be acquiring eight fast-attack interdiction craft-missile ships (FAIC-M) in a government-to-government procurement agreement. The agreement was awarded to Israel Shipyards and Rafael Advanced Defense System and divided into two lots.
According to Negranza, “Lot 1 covers the delivery of nine platforms, four of which will be missile-capable, and the upgrading of the Naval Shipyard for the establishment of a local production line as part of the transfer of technology…. Lot 2 includes the integration of weapons and combat systems.”
The first two ships are set to arrive toward the end of 2022 and are part of Duterte’s Horizon 2 Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Program.
Israel has faced criticism for its arms sales to Manila. In 2019, human rights attorney Itay Mack and other Israeli attorneys filed a lawsuit with the High Court demanding that Israel refrain from selling arms, weapons systems and military defense systems to the Philippines, saying it is a country that violates human rights.
The lawsuit said that Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte is “a mass murderer, supports violence against women, has bombed the schools of minority children and has equated himself with Hitler.”
以色列國防軍挫敗價值數百萬美元的大規模毒品走私企圖
當埃及邊境的部隊發現攜帶 100 多公斤可卡因和大麻的可疑人物時，他們已經準備好進行一次毒品走私未遂。
通過耶路撒冷郵報STAFF
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 09:44
更新時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 12:04
以色列國防軍成功挫敗了沿埃及邊境的大規模毒品走私企圖
（圖片來源：以色列國防軍發言人單位）
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週五晚上，以色列國防軍士兵在以色列邊境從埃及毒品走私者手中沒收了價值數百萬謝克爾的可卡因和大麻。
在埃及邊境警戒的士兵在帕蘭地區旅區發現了一些嫌疑人，他們試圖將大約 120 公斤可卡因和大麻轉移到以色列。
部隊執行了一項可疑的逮捕程序，其中包括大喊“停下並表明身份”並向空中開槍。
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如有必要，該程序會繼續向嫌疑人的腳下或車輛的車輪開槍，具體取決於他們的交通方式，但這一步顯然在半身像中是不必要的。
Ram 營的連長“A”上尉說，他們準備在周五晚上進行緝毒行動，並預計當他們注意到那裡的可疑人物時會在邊境試圖轉移。
以色列國防軍成功挫敗了以色列與埃及邊境的大規模毒品走私企圖，沒收了大約 120 公斤毒品。（信用：以色列國防軍發言人單位）
就在兩週前，以色列國防軍的哨兵發現了一些試圖通過埃及邊境走私毒品的嫌疑人，也發生了類似的破案。
走私者用車輛沖向士兵，迫使他們向空中和車輛的車輪開火。其中一名嫌疑人腿部受輕傷，需要就醫。
以色列國防軍挫敗價值數百萬美元的大規模毒品走私企圖
當埃及邊境的部隊發現攜帶 100 多公斤可卡因和大麻的可疑人物時，他們已經準備好進行一次毒品走私未遂。
通過耶路撒冷郵報STAFF
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 09:44
更新時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 12:04
以色列國防軍成功挫敗了沿埃及邊境的大規模毒品走私企圖
（圖片來源：以色列國防軍發言人單位）
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週五晚上，以色列國防軍士兵在以色列邊境從埃及毒品走私者手中沒收了價值數百萬謝克爾的可卡因和大麻。
在埃及邊境警戒的士兵在帕蘭地區旅區發現了一些嫌疑人，他們試圖將大約 120 公斤可卡因和大麻轉移到以色列。
部隊執行了一項可疑的逮捕程序，其中包括大喊“停下並表明身份”並向空中開槍。
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如有必要，該程序會繼續向嫌疑人的腳下或車輛的車輪開槍，具體取決於他們的交通方式，但這一步顯然在半身像中是不必要的。
Ram 營的連長“A”上尉說，他們準備在周五晚上進行緝毒行動，並預計當他們注意到那裡的可疑人物時會在邊境試圖轉移。
以色列國防軍成功挫敗了以色列與埃及邊境的大規模毒品走私企圖，沒收了大約 120 公斤毒品。（信用：以色列國防軍發言人單位）
就在兩週前，以色列國防軍的哨兵發現了一些試圖通過埃及邊境走私毒品的嫌疑人，也發生了類似的破案。
走私者用車輛沖向士兵，迫使他們向空中和車輛的車輪開火。其中一名嫌疑人腿部受輕傷，需要就醫。
自殺式炸彈襲擊者殺死了著名的索馬里記者
想要推翻政府並對伊斯蘭教法實行嚴格解釋的青年黨證實，它是這次襲擊的幕後黑手。
通過路透
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 21:50
更新時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 22:22
2019 年 3 月 23 日，在青年黨民兵襲擊索馬里摩加迪沙的一座政府大樓後，一名索馬里士兵在平民從自殺式爆炸現場撤離時擔任職務。
（圖片來源：路透社/費薩爾奧馬爾）
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青年黨及其家人告訴路透社，週六在索馬里首都，一名青年黨自殺式炸彈襲擊者殺死了自己和一名索馬里知名記者。
Abdiaziz Mohamud Guled，俗稱 Abdiaziz Afrika，與政府所有的摩加迪沙電台合作，廣泛報導青年黨。
他的堂兄阿卜杜拉希·努爾告訴路透社：“我的堂兄阿卜杜拉希·努爾在去餐館後立即被自殺式炸彈襲擊者殺死……他在被送往醫院時死亡。”
“他總是為青年黨大放光彩，願上帝安息，”努爾說。
青年黨證實這是襲擊的幕後黑手。該組織想推翻政府並強加自己對伊斯蘭教法的嚴格解釋，經常進行爆炸。
2019 年 12 月 10 日，一輛載有青年黨槍手襲擊總統官邸附近酒店的傷員的救護車抵達索馬里摩加迪沙的 Shaafi 醫院。（圖片來源：REUTERS/FEISAL OMAR）
青年黨軍事行動發言人Abdiasis Abu Musab通過電話告訴路透社：“聖戰者長期以來一直在追捕阿布迪亞齊茲。他犯下了反對伊斯蘭教的罪行，他參與了殺害聖戰者的行動。”
目擊者告訴路透社，襲擊發生在一家繁忙的餐館附近，造成四人受傷。
該電視台在一條推文中說，其中一名傷者是索馬里國家電視台的一名導演。
Suicide bomber kills well-known Somali journalist
Al Shabaab, which wants to overthrow the government and impose its own strict interpretation of Islamic law, confirmed it was behind the attack.
By REUTERS
Published: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 21:50
Updated: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 22:22
A Somali soldier holds position as civilians evacuate from the scene of a suicide explosion after al-Shabaab militia stormed a government building in Mogadishu, Somalia, March 23, 2019.
(photo credit: REUTERS/FEISAL OMAR)
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An al Shabaab suicide bomber in the Somali capital killed himself and a well-known Somali journalist on Saturday, al Shabaab and the journalist's family told Reuters.
Abdiaziz Mohamud Guled, commonly known as Abdiaziz Afrika, worked with the government-owned Radio Mogadishu and covered al Shabaab extensively.
"My cousin Abdiaziz was killed by a suicide bomber immediately after he went out to a restaurant… he died as he was rushed to hospital," his cousin Abdullahi Nur told Reuters.
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"He always shone a big light on al Shabaab, may God rest his soul," Nur said.
Al Shabaab confirmed it was behind the attack. The group, which wants to overthrow the government and impose its own strict interpretation of Islamic law, frequently carries out bombings.
An ambulance carrying an injured person from an attack by Al Shabaab gunmen on a hotel near the presidential residence arrives to the Shaafi hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, December 10, 2019. (credit: REUTERS/FEISAL OMAR)
"The mujahideen had been hunting Abdiaziz for a long time. He committed crimes against Islam, he was involved in the killing of mujahideens," Abdiasis Abu Musab,
al Shabaab
military operation spokesperson, told Reuters by phone.
Four people were injured in the attack, which took place near a busy restaurant, witnesses told Reuters.
One of the injured was a director at the Somali National Television, the station said in a tweet.
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Government and police spokespeople did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
經 FDA、CDC 授權的 COVID-19 疫苗加強劑，適用於所有 18 歲以上的成年人
數以千萬計的完全接種疫苗的美國人現在有資格獲得第三針
作者：瑪雅·賈夫·霍夫曼
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 19 日 15:29
更新時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 09:53
在美國馬里蘭州白橡樹市的 FDA 總部外可以看到標牌。
（圖片來源：路透社）
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美國食品藥品監督管理局和疾病控制與預防中心擴大了輝瑞和 Moderna 冠狀病毒加強劑量的緊急使用授權，適用於所有 18 歲以上的人。
30 微克輝瑞加強劑和 50 微克 Moderna 加強劑將在一個人接受兩劑輝瑞、Moderna 或其他批准的疫苗後六個月或更長時間給藥。也可以在單劑強生注射後的兩個月內給予。
CDC 在一份聲明中說：“CDC 繼續鼓勵尚未接種疫苗的 4700 萬成年人盡快接種疫苗，以保護自己、家人、親人和社區。” “我們還強烈鼓勵那些已經符合條件的人——老年人和有基礎疾病的人——在假期前得到提升。”
美國於 9 月投票決定向 65 歲及以上的成年人以及感染 COVID-19 或患上嚴重疾病的高風險個人提供加強注射。然而，當時——儘管以色列提供了在 8 月發起了全民助推活動的數據——美國衛生官員認為他們還沒有足夠的數據來批准對其他人口進行第三次注射。
據疾病預防控制中心稱，到目前為止，已有超過 2000 萬美國人接受了加強劑量。
2021 年 2 月 19 日，輝瑞首席執行官 Albert Bourla 介紹美國總統喬拜登，總統參觀了輝瑞在美國密歇根州卡拉馬祖生產冠狀病毒病 (COVID-19) 疫苗的工廠。（來源：REUTERS/TOM BRENNER）
該決定不需要加強注射，但明確指出某些成年人應該接受第三次刺戳，並且任何成年人都可能接受。
輝瑞首席執行官 Albert Bourla 表示：“隨著我們與 COVID-19 的鬥爭接近兩年大關，我們已經達到了另一個重要的里程碑，我們擴大了對 18 歲及 18 歲以上個體的 COVID-19 疫苗加強劑量的授權。 . “有了加強劑，更多的成年人現在將有機會幫助保持對這種疾病的高水平保護。我們感謝 FDA 的嚴格審查，以及今天採取的行動，我們希望這將有助於加快我們走出這場大流行的道路。”
上個月，輝瑞公佈了其加強劑量的頂線結果，該劑量已在美國、巴西和南非超過 10,000 名 16 歲以上的人服用。所有試驗參與者之前都接受了兩劑該公司的冠狀病毒疫苗。研究表明，與接受安慰劑的人相比，加強注射使疫苗效力恢復到 95%。
在以色列和包括美國在內的國外進行的幾項研究表明，輝瑞疫苗在大約 4 到 6 個月後開始減弱，對感染冠狀病毒的保護作用減弱。
KI Institute 和 KSM Research and Innovation 的研究人員本月發表的一項研究表明，與 3 月份接種疫苗的人相比，在 1 月和 2 月接種兩次輝瑞疫苗的人在 7 月感染病毒的機率增加了 51%或四月。該研究發表在《自然通訊》上。
在以色列，已有超過 400 萬人接受了第三次注射。在 Delta 變異爆發導致感染率攀升後，該國在夏末決定向 12 歲以上的所有人提供助推器。第三槍迅速降低了發病率，並減少了以色列醫院中重症病例的數量。
輝瑞上個月報告說，第三針的副作用與前兩次一致，沒有新的安全問題。Maccabi Health Services 於 9 月進行的另一項調查發現，在 9,222 名 18 歲以上的人（41% 男性和 59% 女性）中，其中大多數經歷了疫苗的一些副作用，他們通常在一到三年內消失天，他們都沒有生命危險。
一半接受調查的人表示，第三次注射的副作用比第二次更嚴重，而另一半則表示它們相同或沒有那麼嚴重。大約 57% 的人報告虛弱和疲勞、36% 的頭痛、26% 的肌肉疼痛、19% 的淋巴結腫大、14% 的關節疼痛、18% 的人發燒高達 38°C，9% 的人發燒超過 38°C。大約 27% 的人說他們沒有一般的副作用。
以色列是世界上第一個批准為當時符合兩槍制的個人提供助推器的國家。只有少數其他國家批准了大規模的助推器運動。根據世界衛生組織的建議，大多數人只繼續向其人口中年齡最大和風險最高的成員提供額外的刺激。
週五，英國衛生和社會保健部宣布，從 11 月 19 日週五開始，接種過加強劑或第三劑的旅行者將能夠通過 NHS COVID Pass 證明其疫苗狀態。
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增加的目的是讓那些接種了助推器的人能夠前往已經對 COVID-19 疫苗實行時間限制的國家，包括以色列。
NHS COVID Pass 是旅行者用來證明他們已接種疫苗的電子記錄。它在大約 40 個國家/地區獲得批准。
英國表示，該助推器尚未添加到國內 COVID 通行證中，並且還沒有必要出示助推器進入該國的證據。
DHSC 表示，迄今為止，英國已接種了約 1300 萬次加強劑。
COVID-19 vaccine booster authorized by FDA, CDC for all adults 18+
Tens of millions more fully vaccinated Americans are now eligible for a third shot
By MAAYAN JAFFE-HOFFMAN
Published: NOVEMBER 19, 2021 15:29
Updated: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 09:53
Signage is seen outside of FDA headquarters in White Oak, Maryland.
(photo credit: REUTERS)
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The US Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have expanded the Emergency Use Authorization of the Pfizer and Moderna coronavirus booster doses for all people over the age of 18.
The 30-microgram Pfizer booster and the 50-mcg Moderna booster are to be administered six months or more after a person received two doses of the Pfizer, Moderna or another approved vaccine. It can also be given as early as two months after the one-dose Johnson & Johnson jab.
"CDC continues to encourage the 47 million adults who are not yet vaccinated to get vaccinated as soon as possible to protect themselves, their families, loved ones and communities," the CDC said in a statement. "We also strongly encourage those who were already eligible – older populations and individuals with underlying medical conditions -- to get boosted before the holidays."
The US voted in September to give booster shots to adults 65 and older, as well as individuals who had a high risk of contracting COVID-19 or developing severe disease. However, at the time – and despite data provided by Israel which had launched a population-wide booster campaign in August – American health officials felt they did not yet have enough data to approve the third shot for the rest of the population.
So far, well over 20 million Americans have received booster doses, according to the CDC.
Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla introduces US President Joe Biden as the president toured a Pfizer manufacturing plant producing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine in Kalamazoo, Michigan, US, February 19, 2021. (credit: REUTERS/TOM BRENNER)
The decision does not require a booster shot but makes clear that certain adults should get the third jab and any adult may get it.
“As we near the two-year mark in our fight against COVID-19, we have reached another critical milestone with the expanded authorization of a booster dose of our COVID-19 vaccine in individuals 18 years and older,” said Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla. “With boosters, more adults will now have the opportunity to help preserve a high-level of protection against this disease. We are grateful to the FDA for their rigorous review, and the action taken today that we hope will help accelerate our path out of this pandemic.”
LAST MONTH, Pfizer released topline results from its booster dose, which was administered to more than 10,000 people over the age of 16 in the US, Brazil and South Africa. All trial participants had previously received two doses of the company's coronavirus vaccine. The study showed that the booster shot brought vaccine efficacy back up to 95% when compared to those who received a placebo.
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Several studies done in Israel and abroad, including in the United States, have shown that the Pfizer vaccine starts to wane at around four to six months, providing less protection against contracting the coronavirus.
A study published this month by researchers from KI Institute and KSM Research and Innovation showed that people vaccinated with two shots of the Pfizer vaccine in January and February had a 51% increased chance of contracting the virus in July compared to those who were vaccinated in March or April. That study was published in Nature Communications.
In Israel, more than four million people have already received a third shot. The country decided at the end of the summer to give the booster to everyone over the age of 12 after a Delta variant outbreak caused infection rates to climb. The third shot quickly brought down morbidity and reduced the number of serious cases in Israel’s hospitals.
PFIZER REPORTED last month that the side effects of the third shot were found consistent with the first two and there were no new safety concerns. A separate survey conducted by Maccabi Health Services in September found that among 9,222 individuals over the age of 18 (41% men and 59% women), the majority of whom experienced some side effects from the vaccine, they usually went away within one to three days and none of them were life-threatening.
Half the people surveyed said the side effects were worse for the third shot than the second, and the other half said they were the same or not as bad. Some 57% reported weakness and fatigue, 36% headache, 26% muscle pain, 19% swelling of their lymph nodes, 14% joint pain, 18% a fever of up to 38°C and 9% a fever over 38°C. Some 27% said they had no general side effects.
Israel was the first country in the world to approve the booster for individuals eligible at the time for a two-shot regime. Less than a handful of other countries have approved mass booster campaigns. Most, as per the recommendation of the World Health Organization, have only continued to provide the extra jab to the oldest and most at-risk members of their populations.
On Friday, Britain’s Department of Health and Social Care announced that travelers who have had a booster or a third dose will be able to demonstrate their vaccine status through the NHS COVID Pass beginning on Friday, November 19.
The addition is meant to enable those who had their booster to travel to countries that have already introduced a time limit for the COVID-19 vaccine, including Israel.
The NHS COVID Pass is the electronic record that travelers use to show they are vaccinated. It is approved in around 40 countries.
Britain said that the booster will not yet be added to the domestic COVID pass and that it would not yet be necessary to show evidence of a booster to enter the country.
Some 13 million boosters have been administered in the UK so far, the DHSC said.
以色列的敘利亞政策可能會走到新的十字路口-分析
阿聯酋外交部長最近會見了巴沙爾·阿薩德，該地區現在認為敘利亞可能會受到海灣國家、埃及和其他一些國家的歡迎。
作者：SETH J. FRANZMAN
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 18:56
更新時間： 2021 年 11 月 20 日 18:57
2021 年 10 月 17 日，在戈蘭高地北部的敘利亞邊境附近看到的裝甲軍團的以色列士兵。
（照片來源：MICHAEL GILADI/FLASH90）
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以色列一直在密切關注該地區的變化，敘利亞可能是了解以色列、其在美國和該地區的合作夥伴以及伊朗和俄羅斯現在面臨的一些選擇的關鍵。這意味著一個新的階段可能即將到來。
要了解新的可能性和挑戰，值得考慮幾個問題。首先，以色列一直在進行所謂的“戰爭之間的運動”——試圖阻止伊朗在敘利亞的據點。
2017 年 8 月，有報導稱，以色列襲擊了前往真主黨途中的軍火車隊大約 100 次。到 2019 年 1 月，即將卸任的以色列國防軍參謀長加迪·艾森科特 (Gadi Eizenkot) 表示，以色列已經數千次襲擊了敘利亞境內的伊朗目標。這些是防止伊朗設防的運動的參數。在特朗普政府期間，美國對以色列空襲和競選活動的支持有所增加。
在美國首席監察長發布的關於 2019 年 7 月至 10 月“固有決心行動”的報告中，美國指出了空襲及其影響。
報告稱：“美國中央司令部 [中央司令部] 評估說，伊朗支持的敘利亞軍隊可能會以美國軍事人員或其在敘利亞的伙伴部隊為目標，如果他們認為美國是以色列對敘利亞軍隊發動襲擊的同謀。”
敘利亞總統巴沙爾·阿薩德 (Bashar Assad) 在該國 5 月的總統選舉中投票。（信用：SANA/REUTERS）
該報告著眼於美國在伊拉克和敘利亞打擊伊斯蘭國的作用。然而，華盛頓已經在 2018 年和 2019 年改變了讓伊朗離開敘利亞的戰略。伊朗和美國的緊張局勢在 2019 年在伊拉克升級，2020 年，美國殺死了伊斯蘭革命衛隊聖城旅指揮官卡西姆·蘇萊曼尼。
美國報告指出，“據媒體報導，以色列在 7 月和 8 月對伊拉克與伊朗結盟的民兵基地進行疑似空襲，引起伊拉克議員的譴責，導致伊拉克政府對所有飛越伊拉克領空的外國飛機實施空中限制。 ，包括聯軍飛機。”
美國指出，“伊朗在敘利亞的存在支持了伊朗保護該政權免受外部威脅的戰略目標。CJTF-OIR [美國反伊斯蘭國聯盟] 表示，伊朗尋求在該地區佔據主導地位，尤其是在伊拉克、敘利亞和黎巴嫩，伊朗在衝突後敘利亞的戰略目標包括保留與黎巴嫩真主黨的聯繫，保持從敘利亞領土打擊以色列的能力，保持在敘利亞的軍事存在和軍事影響力，並通過在敘利亞獲得經濟和安全合同來收回投資。”
為什麼這很重要？週五，《紐約時報》的一篇報導稱，伊朗對美國駐敘利亞坦夫駐軍的襲擊是對以色列空襲的報復。“無人機襲擊沒有造成人員傷亡，這將是伊朗第一次針對以色列的襲擊對美國發動軍事打擊，伊朗與以色列的影子戰爭升級，對美國軍隊構成新的威脅。中東，”報告說。
“10 月 20 日，在 Al Tanf 的美國基地發射了五架所謂的自殺式無人機，美國中央司令部稱之為‘蓄意協調’的襲擊。一名美國高級軍事官員說，只有兩枚在撞擊時引爆，但它們裝有滾珠軸承和彈片，“明顯有殺人意圖”，“據《泰晤士報》報導。
據報導，據信，“伊朗可能認為無人機襲擊將被視為民兵而非伊朗的主動行動。美國官員表示，伊朗革命衛隊在敘利亞的負責人賈瓦德·加法裡（Javad Ghaffari）是動用武力將美軍趕出伊拉克和敘利亞的激進支持者。”
但敘利亞正在發生其他事情。阿聯酋外交部長最近會見了敘利亞政權領導人巴沙爾·阿薩德。這具有像徵意義和重要意義，該地區現在認為敘利亞可能會受到海灣國家、埃及和其他一些國家的歡迎。這將改變 10 年的政策。
儘管土耳其和卡塔爾沒有加入，但可能正在形成更廣泛的區域共識。與此同時，美國正在與伊朗討論一項新的核協議。中國和俄羅斯希望達成協議。
在 Ynet 撰稿的 Ron Ben-Yashai 指出，“以色列還認為，為了擺脫伊朗在其邊境附近的存在，或至少減少它，必須採取一些間接行動來幫助阿薩德，以便他能夠將他的統治擴展到整個敘利亞。
他寫道：“甚至有一項政治努力，要招募華盛頓來幫助阿薩德重建他的國家，這樣美國就可以在某種程度上平衡俄羅斯在該地區的影響力。”
此處的分析基於以色列軍方的年度評估，指出以色列北部的威脅有所減少。報告稱，伊朗“在敘利亞的軍事設施被叫停”。真主黨和親伊朗的民兵行動放緩。Haaretz 的分析認為，向阿薩德政權開放的阿拉伯國家也可能對以色列有利。
上周有報導稱，應阿薩德的要求，一名伊斯蘭革命衛隊指揮官在敘利亞被撤職。敘利亞伊斯蘭革命衛隊聖城旅指揮官穆斯塔法·賈瓦德·加法裡據稱因襲擊美國駐軍而差點引發戰爭而被排除在外。
據沙特電視網 AlHadath 稱，這是“在各個層面上對敘利亞主權的重大侵犯”。這可能只是傳遞信息，而不一定反映伊朗在敘利亞的足跡發生了重大變化。傳達的信息是，阿薩德政權可以在敘利亞做更多的事情來控制伊朗。這與對坦夫的襲擊是對以色列行動的報復的評估形成對比。
我們需要暫停和解開這些敘述。第一個報導是伊朗選擇襲擊美國在敘利亞的駐軍以報復以色列。據說這是因為它害怕直接攻擊猶太國家，但相信它可以使用合理的否認來攻擊美國。第二份報告稱，敘利亞政權能夠讓策劃這次襲擊的伊朗指揮官被撤職。
所以這個信息不僅僅是關於敘利亞政權的權力和伊朗權力的削弱，也是一個安靜的信息，即敘利亞政權可以以某種方式阻止對美國和以色列的襲擊，因為美國駐軍被認為與伊朗想要的有關。打擊美國以回應以色列的行動。
這其中是否真的發生過尚不清楚。很清楚的是，報告和官員希望傳達這一信息，即使存在相反的敘述。歸根結底，敘利亞事件的總體趨勢正在發生變化。
信息本身可能會發生變化，也可能會發生實際變化，但當談到觀念和中東時，這些觀念也很重要。這意味著該政權希望被描繪成擊退伊朗，但德黑蘭希望在伊拉克和敘利亞打擊美國。
眾所周知，在以色列-哈馬斯衝突期間，一架伊朗無人機於 5 月從伊拉克飛入以色列領空。這意味著伊拉克的親伊朗團體仍然可以威脅以色列。但總體而言，主要問題是敘利亞局勢可能正在發生變化。
Israel’s Syria policy could be coming to new crossroads - analysis
The UAE foreign minister recently met with Bashar Assad, and the region now sees Syria as possibly being welcomed back into the fold by the Gulf states, Egypt and some other countries.
By SETH J. FRANTZMAN
Published: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 18:56
Updated: NOVEMBER 20, 2021 18:57
Israeli soldiers from the Armored Corps seen near the Syrian border in the northern Golan Heights, October 17, 2021.
(photo credit: MICHAEL GILADI/FLASH90)
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Israel has been closely watching changes in the region and Syria may be a key to understanding some of the choices that now face Israel, its partners in the US and the region, as well as Iran and Russia. What this means is that a new phase may be approaching.
To understand the new possibilities and challenges, it is worth considering several issues. First of all, Israel has been carrying on what is called a “campaign between the wars” – an attempt to prevent Iranian entrenchment in Syria.
In August 2017, reports said that Israel had struck arms convoys on their way to Hezbollah around 100 times. By January 2019, outgoing IDF chief of staff Gadi Eizenkot said that Israel had struck Iranian targets in Syria thousands of times. These are the parameters of the campaign to prevent Iranian entrenchment. US support for Israel’s airstrikes and campaign increased during the Trump administration.
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In the report released by the lead inspector general of the United States covering Operation Inherent Resolve from July to October 2019, the US noted the airstrikes and implications.
“US CENTCOM [Central Command] assessed that Iranian backed forces in Syria might look to target US military personnel or its partner forces in Syria, if they view the US as complicit in Israeli strikes on its forces in Syria,” the report said.
SYRIAN PRESIDENT Bashar Assad casts his vote in the country’s presidential election in May. (credit: SANA/REUTERS)
The report looks at the US role in Iraq and Syria in fighting ISIS. However, Washington had shifted its strategy to get Iran to leave Syria in 2018 and 2019. Iran-US tensions rose in 2019 in Iraq, and in 2020, America killed Qasem Soleimani, the IRGC Quds Force commander.
THE US report noted that, “according to media reports, suspected Israeli airstrikes on Iranian-aligned militia bases in Iraq in July and August elicited a rebuke from Iraqi parliamentarians and resulted in Iraqi government-imposed air restrictions on all foreign aircraft flying over Iraqi airspace, including Coalition aircraft.”
The US noted that “Iran’s presence in Syria supports Iran’s strategic objective of securing the regime from external threats. CJTF-OIR [the US anti-ISIS Coalition] said that Iran seeks to have a dominant position in the region, particularly in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, and that Iran’s strategic goals in a post-conflict Syria include retaining access to Hezbollah in Lebanon, maintaining the ability to strike Israel from Syrian territory, maintaining a military presence and military influence in Syria, and recouping investment through securing economic and security contracts in Syria.”
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Why does this matter? On Friday, a report at The New York Times claimed that an Iranian attack on the US Tanf Garrison in Syria was retaliation for Israeli airstrikes. “The drone attack, which caused no casualties, would be the first time Iran has directed a military strike against the United States in response to an attack by Israel, an escalation of Iran’s shadow war with Israel that poses new dangers to US forces in the Middle East,” the report said.
“Five so-called suicide drones were launched at the American base at Al Tanf on October 20 in what the US Central Command called a ‘deliberate and coordinated’ attack. Only two detonated on impact, but they were loaded with ball bearings and shrapnel with a ‘clear intent to kill,’ a senior US military official said,” according to the Times.
It is believed, according to the report, that “Iran may have believed that the drone strike would be seen as the initiative of militias rather than Iran. American officials said the head of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards in Syria, Javad Ghaffari, is an aggressive supporter of using military force to oust American troops from Iraq and Syria.”
BUT SOMETHING else is happening in Syria. The UAE foreign minister recently met with Bashar Assad, the Syrian regime leader. This was symbolic and important, and the region now sees Syria as possibly being welcomed back into the fold by the Gulf states, Egypt and some other countries. This would change 10 years of policy.
Although Turkey and Qatar are not on board, a wider regional consensus could be forming. Meanwhile, the US is talking to Iran about a new nuclear deal. China and Russia want that deal to happen.
Ron Ben-Yashai, writing at Ynet, noted that “Israel also believes that in order to get rid of the Iranian presence near its border, or at least to reduce it, some indirect moves to help Assad must be made, so that he can spread his rule over all of Syria.
“There is even a political effort to recruit Washington to help Assad rebuild his country, so that the US will be some kind of a counterbalance to Russian influence in the region,” he wrote.
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The analysis here, based on the Israeli military's annual assessment, notes that there has been a decrease in threats in northern Israel. Iran’s “military establishment in Syria was halted,” the report claims. Hezbollah and pro-Iran militias were slowed down. There is analysis at Haaretz arguing that Arab countries opening up to the Assad regime could be good for Israel as well.
Reports emerged over the last week that an IRGC commander was removed in Syria at the request of Assad. IRGC Quds Force commander in Syria Mustafa Javad Ghaffari had supposedly been excluded for almost causing a war because of an attack on the US garrison.
This was “a major breach of Syrian sovereignty at all levels,” according to AlHadath, a Saudi television network. That could just be messaging rather than necessarily reflecting a major change in Iran’s footprint in Syria. The message is that the Assad regime can do more in Syria to rein in Iran. This contrasts with the assessment that the attack on Tanf was retaliation for Israel’s actions.
WE NEED to pause and unpack these narratives. The first report is that Iran chose to attack a US garrison in Syria to get back at Israel. This was supposedly because it feared attacking the Jewish state directly, but believed it could use plausible deniability to attack the US. The second report claims that the Syrian regime was able to get the Iranian commander who plotted the attack to be removed.
So the message is not just about the Syrian regime's power and Iran's reduced power, but also a quiet message that somehow the Syrian regime can prevent attacks on the US and Israel because the ones on the US garrison were reputed to be related to Iran wanting to strike the US in response to an Israeli action.
Whether any of this actually happened is unclear. What is clear is that reports and officials want to present this message, even if there are contrasting narratives. What matters at the end of the day is that the overall trend of events in Syria is shifting.
The messaging alone may be shifting or there may be an actual shift, but when it comes to perceptions and the Middle East, those perceptions also matter. That means the regime wants to be portrayed as rolling back Iran but that Tehran wants to strike the US in Iraq and Syria.
It is also known that an Iranian drone was flown into Israeli airspace from Iraq in May during the Israel-Hamas conflict. That means pro-Iranian groups in Iraq can still threaten Israel. But the main issue overall is that the situation in Syria may be shifting.
無人機襲擊美國基地伊朗報復以色列空襲-報告
如果屬實，這將是伊朗第一次針對美國發動襲擊，以報復以色列的行動。
通過耶路撒冷郵報STAFF
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 19 日 12:39
2021 年 1 月 6 日，伊朗伊斯蘭共和國陸軍在伊朗塞姆南舉行的大規模無人機作戰演習中發射了一架無人機。
（圖片來源：伊朗軍隊/WANA（西亞新聞社）通過路透社）
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一個十月無人機罷工反對敘利亞的美軍基地是伊朗的報復以色列空襲，匿名的美國和以色列情報官員告訴紐約時報 週四。
襲擊發生在 10 月 20 日的 Al Tanf 基地，五架自殺式無人機襲擊了那裡。
官員們告訴《 紐約時報》，沒有人員傷亡，因為在收到以色列情報部門的情報後，大部分部隊都事先撤離了。
來自 Jpost 的最新文章
如果屬實，這將是伊朗第一次針對美國發動襲擊，以報復以色列的行動。
《
泰晤士報》
報導稱，以色列和美國情報官員有證據表明德黑蘭是這次襲擊的幕後黑手，他們研究了未爆炸的無人機，發現它們與伊朗支持的伊拉克民兵使用的無人機相似。
然而，據
《紐約時報》報導，他們不會討論更多細節，因為美國不想危及即將恢復的伊朗核協議談判。
2019 年 1 月 21 日，在敘利亞大馬士革上空看到導彈射擊。（圖片來源：SANA/HANDOUT VIA REUTERS）
據“ 泰晤士報”報導，伊朗尚未正式宣布對此事負責，儘管伊斯蘭革命衛隊運營的 Telegram 頻道確實表示這是對以色列在敘利亞的空襲的報復。
據《 泰晤士報》報導，伊朗外交部發言人賽義德·哈蒂布扎德上週在新聞發布會上說：“在這些事件中，他們在沒有任何證據或文件的情況下指控伊朗發生了多起事件。” “未經敘利亞中央政府邀請就在敘利亞建立軍事基地、繼續推行恐怖主義政策和支持恐怖主義國家的國家是地區和敘利亞不穩定的真正根源。”
1個簡單的妙招一夜融合完整化（今晚輕鬆）贊助日本爆紅減肥法
親伊朗組織越來越多地使用無人機瞄準駐伊拉克的美軍，包括埃爾比勒機場、阿薩德空軍基地和駐紮在敘利亞的美軍。
外國媒體報導稱，以色列對敘利亞的目標發動了空襲。
在11月17日，以色列國防軍發射據說從戈蘭高地兩枚導彈對大馬士革的空樓南側。
Seth J. Frantzman 和 Tzvi Joffre 為本報告做出了貢獻。
Drone strike on US base Iran retaliation for Israel airstrikes - report
If true, this would be the first Iran-directed attack against the US in retaliation for Israeli actions.
By JERUSALEM POST STAFF
Published: NOVEMBER 19, 2021 12:39
A drone is launched during a large-scale drone combat exercise of Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in Semnan, Iran January 6, 2021.
(photo credit: IRANIAN ARMY/WANA (WEST ASIA NEWS AGENCY) VIA REUTERS)
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An October drone strike against a US military base in Syria was Iran's retaliation for Israeli airstrikes, anonymous US and Israeli intelligence officials told The New York Times on Thursday.
The attack took place on October 20 at the Al Tanf base, where five suicide drones struck.
There were no casualties, as most of the troops were evacuated beforehand following an Israeli intelligence tip, officials told the Times.
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If true, this would be the first Iran-directed attack against the US in retaliation for Israeli actions.
The
Times
report said that Israeli and US intelligence officials had evidence pointing to Tehran being behind the attack, having studied the unexploded drones and finding them similar to the ones used by Iran-backed Iraqi militias.
However, they will not discuss further details, as the US does not want to jeopardize the Iran nuclear deal talks set to resume soon, according to
The New York Times.
Missile fire is seen over Damascus, Syria January 21, 2019. (credit: SANA/HANDOUT VIA REUTERS)
Iran has yet to officially claim responsibility, though an Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-run Telegram channel did say it was retaliation for Israeli airstrikes in Syria, the Times reported.
“There have been a number of these incidents where they accused Iran without any proof or documents,” Saeed Khatibzadeh, Iran’s Foreign Ministry spokesman, said at a news conference last week, according to the Times. “Countries that have established military bases in Syria without the invitation of Syria’s central government, continue policies of terrorism and support terrorist countries are the real root of instability in the region and in Syria.”
Pro-Iranian groups have increasingly used drones to target US forces in Iraq, including at the airport in Erbil, as well as Al Asad Airbase and US forces based in Syria.
Israeli airstrikes have been alleged in foreign media reports to have been launched at targets in Syria.
On November 17, the IDF reportedly fired two missiles from the Golan Heights towards an empty building south of Damascus.
Seth J. Frantzman and Tzvi Joffre contributed to this report.
Tags IranSyriadrone
偉大的海灣公民競爭分析
為了促進經濟發展，沙特阿拉伯和阿聯酋已開始向少數選定的外國人提供公民身份。
作者：KSENIA SVETLOVA/媒體行
發佈時間： 2021 年 11 月 19 日 01:51
沙特阿拉伯特使和其他海灣國家於 2017 年齊聚科威特。
（圖片來源：路透社）
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多年來，湧入海灣的外籍人士只能夢想成為沙特或阿聯酋公民，儘管他們佔沙特阿拉伯人口的 33% 和阿聯酋人口的約 85%。埃及的建築工人、菲律賓的女傭、伊拉克的工程師、印度或英國的醫生都拿不到，即使他們在海灣國家生活了幾十年，在那裡建了家。如今，在全球和本地對人才需求旺盛的情況下，海灣地區的酋長國在激烈競爭的同時也在轉變態度。
急於求成的人才：
本週，沙特阿拉伯宣布將授予包括醫生、神職人員和學者在內的一批“傑出”外籍人士公民身份，成為今年第二個為具有特殊技能的外國人引入正式入籍計劃的海灣阿拉伯國家。今年早些時候，阿聯酋決定向“有才華的”外國居民授予公民身份，這將為“國家增值”。目前，機會非常有限，據沙特媒體稱，沒有公開的申請程序，國家可能會向“符合標準”的個人授予公民身份。在阿聯酋，專業人士也只能由阿聯酋皇室成員或官員提名。專家表示，目前只有少數外國專業人士能夠利用這個機會，但是可以肯定的是，對外國人才的需求將繼續增長，公民卡將成為求職者的非凡福利“這些海灣國家的目標是明天的技術。他們擔心美國從該地區撤軍，擔心伊朗試圖擴大其霸權，他們知道他們需要超先進的技術優勢。到目前為止，阿聯酋一直處於領先地位，而現在沙特阿拉伯也領先一步。他們與操作它們的人一起購買整個知識系統，吉達、利雅得和其他地方的專業人士有很多機會。領導者——MBZ 和 MBS 高度重視快速的技術發展，”Uzi Rabi 教授說，特拉維夫大學 Moshe Dayan 中東研究中心主任對媒體熱線發表講話。事實上，科威特可以被認為是在 70-80 年代對外國人開放的先驅，但在過去的三十年裡，它在吸引國外人才方面取得了很大的成功。目前，如果一名科威特婦女與外國人結婚，即使他們的孩子也無權獲得科威特公民身份。阿聯酋和沙特阿拉伯都鼓勵各自國家的工作市場“酋長化”和“沙特化”，以應對失業和培養本土人才。目前，如果一名科威特婦女與外國人結婚，即使他們的孩子也無權獲得科威特公民身份。阿聯酋和沙特阿拉伯都鼓勵各自國家的工作市場“酋長化”和“沙特化”，以應對失業和培養本土人才。目前，如果一名科威特婦女與外國人結婚，即使他們的孩子也無權獲得科威特公民身份。阿聯酋和沙特阿拉伯都鼓勵各自國家的工作市場“酋長化”和“沙特化”，以應對失業和培養本土人才。
文件圖片：2019 年 5 月 31 日在沙特阿拉伯麥加舉行的阿拉伯首腦會議期間看到科威特的埃米爾謝赫薩巴赫 al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah（圖片來源：REUTERS/HAMAD I MOHAMMED/文件圖片）
迪拜和利雅得之間：
值得注意的是，海灣國家之間也存在明顯的競爭——爭奪最高建築、奢華項目和人才。阿聯酋在 1 月份向有才華的外籍人士“提供”其公民身份，並獲得了媒體的關注，而沙特阿拉伯則在 11 月份效仿。今年早些時候，沙特阿拉伯要求國際公司將其地區總部遷至利雅得，否則將失去政府合同。目前，已有 44 家國際公司搬遷了辦公室——大部分來自迷人的迪拜，預計很快會有更多公司加入。“這一舉措加入了模仿阿聯酋政策的許多其他決定。沙特看到了阿聯酋的成功，並渴望制定一項類似的戰略，該戰略也將與該國的保守特徵相適應。它的領導層明白他們將不得不開放，但同時，又害怕失去控制。在內部，沙特阿拉伯已經經歷了三年多的政治疲軟，它試圖通過經濟發展來恢復實力，”海法大學古爾地緣政治專家、米特維姆研究所政策研究員莫蘭扎加博士說對於區域外交政治，向媒體熱線發表講話。“這些國家正在尋找尖端技術，他們知道在以色列可以找到其中的一些。我們兩國之間的一些合作已經存在多年，現在在簽署亞伯拉罕協議之後還有更多的合作。沙特是否會與以色列重新接觸，以加強這種合作並使其開放？他們開始談論它，但首先必須消除重大障礙，”教授說。拉比。
“不需要沙特公民身份”：
根據阿拉伯青年的調查，連續第十年，大多數接受調查的阿拉伯青年最希望住在迪拜，而阿聯酋是他們最希望自己的國家效仿的國家。最聰明的人現在不僅有機會在阿聯酋或其他海灣國家工作，而且還有機會獲得公民身份以及隨之而來的全部權利和福利。人們普遍認為，許多在海灣生活和工作的外籍人士都渴望獲得海灣國家的公民身份，因為它提供了有吸引力的福利方案，包括更高的工資和更低的稅收。然而，一些在海灣國家工作的外籍人士表示，他們最終會回國，並且不需要成為一個嚴格遵守伊斯蘭教法主導的國家的公民。帕特里克，一位在達曼（沙特阿拉伯）工作的英國工程師，說他的沙特同事繳納的稅款較少，而他必須為攜帶妻子和孩子繳納特殊稅款。儘管如此，如果給他機會，他不確定他是否會成為沙特公民。“我希望少繳稅並獲得更高的薪水。但歸根結底，我不會在這裡過我的生活，當地的傳統對我和我的家人來說都是陌生的。”帕特里克在接受媒體採訪時說。他補充說，如果有機會，他來自埃及、伊拉克、烏克蘭或俄羅斯的同事可能會珍惜這個機會。幾年後檢查有多少外國人才最終獲得了沙特或阿聯酋國籍，他們來自哪裡，以及他們在哪些領域工作，將會很有趣。然而，毫無疑問，海灣。
The Great Gulf Citizenship Competition -analysis
In a quest to advance their economies, Saudi Arabia and the UAE have begun to offer citizenship to a few select foreigners.
By KSENIA SVETLOVA/THE MEDIA LINE
Published: NOVEMBER 19, 2021 01:51
SAUDI ARABIA’S envoy and other Gulf states gather in Kuwait in 2017.
(photo credit: REUTERS)
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For years, the expats who flocked to the Gulf could only dream of Saudi or Emirati citizenship, although they comprised as much as 33% of the population in KSA and approximately 85% in UAE. Neither the construction workers from Egypt or the maids from Philippines or the engineers Iraq or doctors from India or the UK could get it, even if they lived in Gulf countries for decades and built their homes there. Nowadays, when the global and the local demand for talent is high, the sheikhdoms in the Gulf are changing their attitude while fiercely competing with each other.
Desperately seeking talents:
This week Saudi Arabia announced that it will grant citizenship to a group of “outstanding” expatriates including doctors, clerics and academics, becoming the second Gulf Arab state to introduce a formal naturalization program for foreigners with exceptional skills this year. Earlier this year the UAE decided to grant citizenship to “talented” foreign residents that will “add value to the country”. Currently, the opportunity is very limited, and, according to the Saudi media, there is no open application process and the citizenship may be awarded by the state to individuals who will “meet the criteria”. In UAE the professionals can only be nominated by Emirati royals or officials as well. Experts say that for now only a few foreign professionals will be able to exploit this chance, however it’s quite certain that the need for foreign talents will keep growing and the citizenship card will serve as an extraordinary perk for job seekers “These Gulf states are aiming at the technologies of tomorrow. They worry about the US pullout from the region, about Iranian attempt to spread its hegemony, and they know that they need the super-advanced technological edge. The Emiratis were leading so far, and now Saudi Arabia is stepping ahead as well. They are buying entire systems of knowledge along with the people who operate them, and there are many opportunities for the professionals in Jeddah, Riyad and others. The speedy technological development is highly prioritized by the leaders – the MBZ and the MBS” says professor Uzi Rabi, the Director of the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University speaking to the Media Line. In fact, Kuwait can be considered as a pioneer who opened up to the foreigners in 70-80-s, but during the last three decades had undone much of its previous success in attracting talent from abroad. Currently if a Kuwaiti women is married to a foreigner, even their children are not entitled to Kuwaiti citizenship. Both UAE and KSA also encourage “emiratization” and “saudisation” of the work market in their respective countries in order to combat unemployment and to develop home-grown talents.
FILE PHOTO: Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah is seen during the Arab summit in Mecca, Saudi Arabia May 31, 2019 (credit: REUTERS/HAMAD I MOHAMMED/FILE PHOTO)
Notably, there is also a clear aspect of competition between the Gulf States – for tallest buildings, extravagant projects and talented individuals. The UAE “offered” its citizenship to talented expats in January, and reaped the media attention while Saudi Arabia followed suit in November. Earlier this year Saudi Arabia told international companies to move their regional headquarters to Riyad or lose out on government contracts. For now, 44 international companies had moved their offices – mostly from glamorous Dubai, and more companies are expected to join them soon. “This move joins a line of many other decisions that imitate the Emirati policy. The Saudi see the UAE success and aspire to develop a similar strategy that will also be compatible with the conservative character of the state. Its leadership understands that they will have to open up, but at the same time, there is a fear of losing control. Internally, Saudi Arabia is experiencing a political weakness for more than three years and it tries to regain its strength through economic development” says Dr. Moran Zaga, an expert on geopolitics of the Gul at the University of Haifa and a policy fellow at Mitvim institute for regional foreign politics, speaking to the Media Line. “These countries are looking for cutting edge technologies, and they know that they can find some of them here in Israel. Some cooperation had existed between our countries for years, and now there is so much more after the signing of the Abraham accords. Will the Saudis reapproach with Israel in order to enhance this cooperation and make it open? They are starting to talk about it, but first significant barriers must be deconstructed’ says prof. Rabi.
“No need for Saudi citizenship”:
According to Arab Youth survey, for the tenth straight year, the majority of Arab youth polled would most like to live in Dubai and the UAE is the one they would most like their own nation to emulate. The brightest will now have a chance not only to work in UAE or other Gulf states, but also to get the citizenship and full rights and benefit that comes with it. It’s a common belief that many expats who live and work in the Gulf are coveting the Gulf country's citizenship because it comes with an attractive benefits package that includes higher pay and lower taxation. Yet, some expats who work in Gulf countries say that eventually they will return home and there is no need for citizenship of a country that lives according to strict Sharia-dominated legislation. Patrick, a British engineer who works in Dammam (Saudi Arabia), says that his Saudi co-workers pay fewer taxes, whereas he has to pay a special tax for bringing his wife and kids with him. Still, he is not sure that he would take Saudi citizenship if he was given an opportunity. “I would love to pay less tax and get a higher salary. But at the end of the day, I will not live my life here and local traditions are foreign to me and my family” says Patrick talking to the Media Line. He adds that his co-workers from Egypt, Iraq, Ukraine or Russia would probably cherish the opportunity if it were available for them. It will be interesting to check in a few years how many foreign talents eventually got the Saudi or Emirati nationality, where are they coming from, and in which fields they are working. There is no doubt, however, that the headhunting for talents and technologies will keep growing and transform the perspectives and attitudes in the Gulf.
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