2021.10.30 國際新聞導讀-美國FDA批准在5-11歲幼童身上使用降劑量版疫苗、蘇丹政變之後續處理報導、黎巴嫩總理澄清指真主黨要為返沙烏地攻擊葉門胡塞政權之言論負責

蘇老師講解國際新聞、中東與中亞歷史、中國事務、太空知識的頻道。 Diplomat's daily news review and history research on Middle East and Central Asia, China Affairs and Space Exploration

2021.10.30 國際新聞導讀-美國FDA批准在5-11歲幼童身上使用降劑量版疫苗、蘇丹政變之後續處理報導、黎巴嫩總理澄清指真主黨要為返沙烏地攻擊葉門胡塞政權之言論負責
輝瑞疫苗獲准在 5-11 歲兒童中緊急使用 - FDA
在顧問小組週二以壓倒性多數投票通過後，FDA 批准了適用於 5 至 11 歲兒童的 COVID 疫苗。
通過路透
2021 年 10 月 29 日 23:15
美國衛生監管機構週五授權輝瑞公司和 BioNTech SE 冠狀病毒疫苗用於 5 至 11 歲兒童，使其成為美國第一個針對幼兒的 COVID-19 疫苗。
輝瑞表示，將於週六開始向藥店運送兒科小瓶疫苗。預計監管機構的決定將使 2800 萬美國兒童可以使用這種疫苗，其中許多人已經回到學校接受面對面的學習。
週二，美國食品和藥物管理局 (FDA) 的一個顧問小組以壓倒性多數投票建議批准該授權。
迄今為止，只有包括中國、古巴和阿拉伯聯合酋長國在內的少數其他國家/地區為該年齡段及以下年齡段的兒童清除了 COVID-19 疫苗。
FDA 授權輝瑞公司的疫苗在幼兒中使用 10 微克劑量，低於 12 歲及以上人群原始疫苗中的 30 微克劑量。
2021 年 10 月 3 日，衛生工作者在耶路撒冷的 Clalit 臨時衛生保健中心準備 Covid-19 疫苗。（圖片來源：YONATAN SINDEL/FLASH90）
FDA小組的顧問表示，較低的劑量可能有助於減輕一些罕見的副作用。
在會議上，他們密切關注心臟炎症或心肌炎的發病率，這與輝瑞/BioNTech 和 Moderna 的疫苗有關，尤其是在年輕男性中。
監管機構週五表示，輝瑞疫苗對 5 至 11 歲人群的已知和潛在益處大於風險。
許多對 COVID-19 疫苗猶豫或反對的成年人，甚至一些自己接種過疫苗的成年人，預計在給他們的孩子接種疫苗時會更加謹慎。
美國疾病控制與預防中心 (CDC) 的一個顧問小組定於下週開會，考慮有關如何在該年齡組中使用疫苗的建議。CDC主任將擁有最終決定權。
輝瑞和 BioNTech 表示，他們的疫苗在一項針對 5 至 11 歲兒童的臨床試驗中顯示出對冠狀病毒的 90.7% 的有效性。
美國於 5 月開始為 12 至 17 歲的青少年接種疫苗。據疾病預防控制中心稱，該年齡組的疫苗接種覆蓋率低於老年組。
輝瑞的疫苗於去年 12 月首次在美國獲准用於 16 歲及以上人群的緊急使用，並於 8 月獲得美國全面批准。
本週早些時候，Moderna 報告了中期數據，顯示其疫苗在 6 至 11 歲的兒童中產生了強烈的免疫反應。它正在等待美國監管機構就 12 至 17 歲兒童的授權做出決定。
Pfizer vaccine authorized for emergency use in children age 5-11- FDA
The FDA authorized the COVID vaccine for ages 5 to 11 after the panel of advisers overwhelmingly voted for it on Tuesday.
By REUTERS
OCTOBER 29, 2021 23:15
Signage is seen outside of FDA headquarters in White Oak, Maryland.
(photo credit: REUTERS)
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The US health regulator on Friday authorized the Pfizer Inc and BioNTech SE coronavirus vaccine for children aged 5 to 11 years, making it the first COVID-19 shot for young children in the United States.
Pfizer said that it would begin shipping pediatric vials of vaccine to pharmacies on Saturday. The decision by the regulator is expected to make the shot available to 28 million American children, many of whom are back in school for in-person learning.
It comes after a panel of advisers to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) voted overwhelmingly to recommend the authorization on Tuesday.
Only a few other countries, including China, Cuba and the United Arab Emirates, have so far cleared COVID-19 vaccines for children in this age group and younger.
The FDA authorized a 10-microgram dose of Pfizer's vaccine in young children, lower than the 30 micrograms in the original vaccine for those age 12 and older.
Health worker prepares a Covid-19 vaccine at a temporary Clalit health care center in Jerusalem, October 3, 2021. (credit: YONATAN SINDEL/FLASH90)
Advisers on the FDA panel said a lower dose could help mitigate some of the rare side effects.
At the meeting, they paid close attention to the rate of heart inflammation, or myocarditis, that has been linked to vaccines from both Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, especially in young men.
The regulator said on Friday that the known and potential benefits of the Pfizer vaccine in individuals aged between 5 and 11 outweigh the risks.
Many adults who have been hesitant or opposed to the COVID-19 vaccine and even some who were vaccinated themselves, are expected to be more cautious about giving the shot to their children.
An advisory panel to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is scheduled to meet next week to consider recommendations on how the vaccine should be used in that age group. The CDC director will have the final say.
Pfizer and BioNTech said their vaccine showed 90.7% efficacy against the coronavirus in a clinical trial of children aged 5 to 11.
The United States started administering to the teens between ages 12 and 17 with the vaccine in May. Vaccination coverage among that age group is lower than in older groups, according to the CDC.
Pfizer's vaccine was the first to be authorized for emergency use in the United States in December last year for those age 16 and older and was granted full US approval in August.
Earlier this week, Moderna reported interim data showing that its vaccine generated a strong immune response in children ages 6 to 11 years. It is awaiting a US regulatory decision on the authorization for children between ages 12 and 17.
蘇丹被罷免的總理希望在會談前扭轉政變
政變領導人阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布爾漢將軍似乎為總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克領導新政府敞開了大門。
通過路透
2021 年 10 月 29 日 20:06
2019 年 9 月 3 日，蘇丹總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克在蘇丹喀土穆與德國外交部長海科·馬斯的聯合新聞發布會上發表講話
（圖片來源：路透社/ MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH）
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週五與他會面的消息人士稱，本週被蘇丹軍隊罷免的總理準備就組建新政府進行談判，條件是軍方扭轉政變並釋放被拘留者。
政變領導人阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布爾漢將軍在周四播出的評論中似乎為總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克領導新政府敞開大門，稱他可以自由組建自己選擇的內閣。
會見哈姆多克的消息人士表示，他希望對話，但條件是局勢要恢復到週一政變前夕的狀態，政變使蘇丹在數十年的專制統治後脫軌了向民主的過渡。
消息人士稱，這些相互矛盾的立場表明，很難通過調解方式擺脫危機：軍方告訴調解員，他們只會釋放沒有面臨刑事指控的被拘留者，這與布爾漢本週的言論相呼應。
自從布爾汗解散哈姆多克的內閣和士兵們在周一圍捕政府部長，要求恢復平民領導的內閣以來，西方國家已經切斷了對蘇丹急需的數億美元的援助。
2021 年 10 月 25 日，在蘇丹喀土穆發生的軍事政變期間，路障被點燃（圖片來源：REUTERS/EL TAYEB SIDDIG）
政變的反對者周六呼籲以“離開！”為口號進行大規模抗議。本周到目前為止，至少有 11 名抗議者在與安全部隊的衝突中喪生，居民表示他們擔心會遭到全面鎮壓。
“我害怕這個國家會著火。我們害怕這些人會殺死我們的孩子。死亡已經夠多了，”一位不願透露姓名的 70 多歲的喀土穆婦女說。
美國國務院一名高級官員表示，抗議活動將考驗軍方未來的意圖，並敦促軍方不要對抗議者採取任何暴力行為。
這位不願透露姓名的官員說，看到哈姆多克被允許回家，華盛頓鬆了一口氣，但他仍被軟禁，無法恢復工作。
週五出現了幾項調解努力，其中包括鄰國埃及的一項調解努力，但沒有取得進展的跡象。
一名成員告訴路透社，在喀土穆，已經成立了一個由國家人物組成的委員會進行調解，並會見了軍隊和平民。
但一位西方外交官表示，公眾很難接受恢復政變前現狀的妥協。
“這可能是合理的出路，甚至可能是唯一不涉及更高級別暴力的出路。但它會持續下去嗎？它會被接受嗎？我個人的想法在這兩個方面都是否定的。”
一位歐洲外交官還表示，在被拘留者獲釋並且軍方表現出過渡憲法宣言中規定的權力分享承諾之前，西方國家不打算與軍方接觸或調解任何談判。
在長期任職的統治者奧馬爾·巴希爾 (Omar al-Bashir) 兩年前被推翻之後，過渡旨在引導 2023 年的選舉。聯合國安理會呼籲恢復文官統治。
BURHAN希望在一周內有新的PM
在周四晚上的一次演講中，布爾漢說哈姆多克有機會重返總理職位。“我們告訴他，我們為你掃清了舞台……他可以自由組建政府，我們不會干預政府組建，”他在半島電視台播出的講話中說。
哈姆多克被罷免政府的一位不願透露姓名的部長表示，內閣成員不反對為新政府留任，前提是新政府由哈姆多克領導和選擇，並且過渡協議完全恢復。
布爾漢曾表示，在平民政客激起對武裝部隊的敵意後，他採取了避免內戰的措施。
他說他仍然致力於民主過渡，包括到 2023 年的選舉，但支持一個排除黨派政客的政府。
布爾漢在周五發表的對俄羅斯人造衛星通訊社的評論中表示，新政府將由一名技術官僚領導，他可以在一周內選出，並被允許選擇內閣。
包括情報局長阿巴斯·卡邁勒在內的埃及官員在過去兩天與布爾汗和另一名蘇丹高級指揮官穆罕默德·哈姆丹·達加洛將軍進行了交談，以恢復平靜並就新政府的組建進行調解，新政府是埃及情報部門的安全消息來源說過。
自 2019 年成為事實上的國家元首以來，布爾漢與埃及、沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯聯合酋長國建立了良好的關係，美國盟國的阿拉伯國家都樂於看到巴希爾的垮台，他們反對巴希爾的伊斯蘭主義。
政變導致捐助者凍結了該國急需的援助，該國一半以上的人口處於貧困之中，困難加劇了不穩定和內戰。
布爾汗的媒體顧問阿爾塔希爾·阿布哈賈準將在接受路透社採訪時駁斥了西方批評，稱此次收購是對蘇丹人民的背叛。
“蘇丹發生的事情不是背叛或政變，而是革命道路的矯正。布爾漢將軍最關心民主過渡。”
Sudan's ousted PM wants coup reversed before talks
Coup leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan had appeared to leave the door open for Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok to lead a new government.
By REUTERS
OCTOBER 29, 2021 20:06
Sudan Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok speaks during joint press conference with German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas in Khartoum, Sudan September 3, 2019
(photo credit: REUTERS/ MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH)
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The prime minister ousted by the Sudanese army this week is ready to negotiate on the formation of a new government on condition that the military reverses its coup and releases detainees, sources who met with him said on Friday.
Coup leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan had appeared to leave the door open for Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok to lead a new government in comments broadcast on Thursday, saying he would be free to form the cabinet of his choice.
The sources who met Hamdok said he wants dialog but on condition the situation be returned to the way it was on the eve of Monday's coup, which derailed Sudan's transition to democracy after decades of authoritarian rule.
The conflicting positions point to the difficulty of reaching any mediated way out of the crisis: the army told mediators it would only release detainees who were not facing criminal charges, the sources said, echoing remarks by Burhan this week.
Western states have cut off hundreds of millions of dollars in desperately needed aid to Sudan since Burhan dissolved Hamdok's cabinet and soldiers rounded up government ministers on Monday, demanding the civilian-led cabinet be reinstated.
A road barricade is set on fire during what the information ministry calls a military coup in Khartoum, Sudan, October 25, 2021 (credit: REUTERS/EL TAYEB SIDDIG)
Opponents of the coup have called for mass protests on Saturday under the slogan "Leave!." At least 11 protesters have been killed in clashes with security forces so far this week, and residents say they fear a full-blown crackdown.
"I am scared that this country will catch fire. We're scared these people will kill our children. There's been enough death," said a Khartoum woman in her 70s on condition of anonymity.
A senior US State Department official said the protests would be a test of the military's intentions going forward and urged the army to refrain from any violence towards protesters.
Washington was relieved to see that Hamdok has been allowed to return home but he was still under house arrest and unable to resume his work, said the official, who briefed reporters on condition of anonymity.
Several mediation efforts emerged on Friday, including one by neighboring Egypt, but there has been no sign of progress.
In Khartoum, a committee of national figures has been formed to mediate and has met with both the army and civilians, a member told Reuters.
But a Western diplomat said it would be difficult for the public to accept a compromise that returns to the pre-coup status quo.
"It may be the reasonable way out, maybe even the only way out that doesn't involve a higher level of violence. But would it last and would it be accepted? My personal thought is no on both counts."
A European diplomat also said that Western states are not looking to engage with the military or mediate any negotiations until detainees are released and the military shows a commitment to power sharing as set out in the transitional constitutional declaration.
The transition was meant to steer to elections in 2023, after long-serving ruler Omar al-Bashir was toppled two years ago. The UN Security Council has called for the restoration of civilian rule.
BURHAN HOPES FOR NEW PM WITHIN A WEEK
In a speech on Thursday night, Burhan said Hamdok had been offered a chance to return as prime minister. "We told him that we cleared the stage for you … he is free to form the government, we will not intervene in the government formation," he said in the remarks broadcast on Al-Jazeera TV.
One minister in Hamdok's ousted government, speaking on condition of anonymity, said cabinet members were not opposed to standing aside for a new government, provided it is led and chosen by Hamdok, and the transitional agreement is restored in full.
Burhan has said he moved to avert civil war after civilian politicians stoked hostility to the armed forces.
He says he is still committed to a democratic transition, including elections by 2023, but favors a government that would exclude partisan politicians.
In comments to Russia's Sputnik news agency published on Friday, Burhan said a new government would be led by a technocrat who could be chosen within a week and would be permitted to select a cabinet.
Egyptian officials including intelligence chief Abbas Kamel have been spoken with Burhan and General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, another top Sudanese commander, in the last two days in a bid to restore calm and mediate over the formation of a new government, a security source at Egyptian intelligence said.
Since becoming de facto head of state in 2019, Burhan has developed good ties with Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, US-allied Arab states all happy to see the downfall of Bashir, whose Islamism they opposed.
The coup has led donors to freeze assistance badly needed in a country where more than half the population is in poverty and hardship has fueled instability and civil wars.
Speaking to Reuters, Burhan's media advisor Brigadier Altahir Abuhaja rejected Western criticism that the takeover was a betrayal of the Sudanese people.
"What happened in Sudan is not a betrayal or a coup but a righting of the path of the revolution. General Burhan is the most concerned with the democratic transition."
黎巴嫩外交部長成立小組以解決沙特關係
通過路透
2021 年 10 月 29 日 23:59
黎巴嫩外交部長周五表示，他正在組建一個小組，以解決與沙特阿拉伯的外交裂痕，該國命令黎巴嫩大使在 48 小時內離開並禁止所有黎巴嫩進口。
沙特採取這些措施是為了回應黎巴嫩部長對沙特領導的對也門軍事干預的批評性評論。
黎巴嫩外交部長阿卜杜拉·布·哈比卜在一份聲明中表示，與沙特阿拉伯和其他海灣國家的局勢不是危機，並補充說可以通過對話解決。
Lebanon's foreign minister to form group to fix Saudi relations
By REUTERS
OCTOBER 29, 2021 23:59
Lebanon's foreign minister said on Friday he was forming a group to heal a diplomatic rift with Saudi Arabia that saw the kingdom order the Lebanese ambassador to leave within 48 hours and ban all Lebanese imports.
The Saudi steps came in response to critical comments made by a Lebanese minister about the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen.
Lebanon's foreign minister Abdullah Bou Habib said in a statement the situation with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries was not a crisis, adding that it could be solved through dialog.
黎巴嫩的哈里裡說真主黨應對與沙特的裂痕負責
通過路透
2021 年 10 月 30 日 00:25
黎巴嫩前總理薩阿德·哈里裡週五表示，伊朗支持的真主黨應對與沙特阿拉伯和其他海灣國家的分歧負責。
這位遜尼派政治家在一條推文中說：“在這方面，責任首先在於真主黨，以及它公開表示對阿拉伯人和阿拉伯海灣國家的敵意。”
Jerusalem Post
Breaking News
BREAKING NEWS
Lebanon's Hariri says Hezbollah responsible for rift with Saudi
By REUTERS
OCTOBER 30, 2021 00:25
Lebanese former Prime Minister Saad Hariri said on Friday that Iran-backed Hezbollah was responsible for the rift with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries.
"The responsibility, first and foremost, in this regard lies with Hezbollah, and its professed hostility towards the Arabs and the Arab Gulf states," the Sunni politician said in a tweet.
紐約養老基金因以色列限制退出聯合利華
紐約州審計長 Thomas DiNapoli 表示，一項審查發現該公司及其子公司“參與了 BDS 活動”。
通過路透社，耶路撒冷郵報STAFF
2021 年 10 月 29 日 10:42
a 2021 年 7 月 20 日，在約旦河西岸埃弗拉特猶太人定居點的一家食品店裡看到了帶有 Ben & Jerry 標誌的冰箱。
（圖片來源：路透社/RONEN ZEVULUN）
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週四，紐約的 2,680 億美元國家養老基金成為最新一家限制其在聯合利華 Plc (ULVR.L) 的持股，以應對該公司的 Ben & Jerry 冰淇淋品牌在西岸實施的銷售限制。
在發言人發出的一份聲明中，紐約州審計長托馬斯·迪納波利 (Thomas DiNapoli) 表示，一項審查發現該公司及其子公司“參與了 BDS 活動”，指的是“抵制撤資制裁”運動，該運動旨在孤立以色列對待巴勒斯坦人的方式.
發言人說，紐約州共同退休基金的聯合利華總股本為 1.11 億美元。該基金是美國第三大公共養老基金。
外交部長亞伊爾·拉皮德 (Yair Lapid) 感謝該州“同意我們要求從 Ben & Jerry's 的投資中撤出 1.11 億美元，因為他們抵制以色列。
“我們將毫不猶豫地繼續與 BDS 和反猶太主義作鬥爭。”
新澤西州、亞利桑那州和佛羅里達州等其他州的養老金官員也出於類似原因出售聯合利華的股票或限制購買新股票。
聯合利華全球集團副總裁 Alan Jope 於 2007 年 3 月 7 日在芝加哥舉行的路透社食品峰會上發表講話。（來源：REUTERS/JOSHUA LOTT）
聯合利華代表沒有立即發表評論。
Ben & Jerry's 於 7 月採取行動，終止其在西岸和東耶路撒冷銷售冰淇淋的許可證，稱那裡的銷售“與其價值不一致”。大多數國家認為以色列在巴勒斯坦被佔土地上的定居點是非法的。以色列對此提出異議。
一些美國猶太團體，如自由主義傾向的 J Street，也對以色列的定居點表示擔憂，並反對對 Ben & Jerry's 或聯合利華採取行動的呼籲。
聯合利華曾表示該決定是由 Ben & Jerry 的獨立社會使命委員會做出的，並表示不支持 BDS 運動。
聯合利華首席執行官 Alan Jope 在 8 月致 DiNapoli 辦公室的一封信中表示，聯合利華致力於在以色列開展業務，在那裡擁有近 2,000 名員工，並表示 Ben & Jerry 的品牌將繼續留在以色列。
喬普寫道：“我們對留在以色列的決定表示歡迎，並一直尋求以盡可能尊重和敏感的方式處理此事。”
New York pension fund joins exit from Unilever over Israel restrictions
New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli said a review found the company and its subsidiary "engaged in BDS activities."
By REUTERS, JERUSALEM POST STAFF
OCTOBER 29, 2021 10:42
aA refrigerator bearing the Ben & Jerry's logo is seen at a food store in the Jewish settlement of Efrat in the West Bank July 20, 2021.
(photo credit: REUTERS/RONEN ZEVULUN)
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New York's $268 billion state pension fund on Thursday became the latest to restrict its holdings in Unilever Plc (ULVR.L) in response to sales limits imposed by the company's Ben & Jerry's ice cream brand in the West Bank.
In a statement sent by a spokesman, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli said a review found the company and its subsidiary "engaged in BDS activities," referring to the "Boycott Divestment Sanctions" movement that seeks to isolate Israel over its treatment of the Palestinians.
The New York State Common Retirement Fund has total Unilever equity of $111 million, the spokesman said. The fund is the third-largest US public pension fund.
Foreign Minister Yair Lapid thanked the state "for agreeing to our request to pull $111 million from its investment in Ben & Jerry's because of their boycott of Israel.
"We will continue to fight against BDS and antisemitism wherever it pops up and without hesitation."
Pension officials in other states including New Jersey, Arizona and Florida have also moved to sell shares in Unilever or restricted the purchase of new stock for similar reasons.
Unilever's Global Group Vice President Alan Jope speaks during the Reuters Food Summit in Chicago March 7, 2007. (credit: REUTERS/JOSHUA LOTT)
Unilever representatives did not immediately comment.
Ben & Jerry's moved in July to end a license for its ice cream to be sold in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, saying sales there were "inconsistent with its values." Most countries consider Israeli settlements on occupied Palestinian land to be illegal. Israel disputes this.
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Some American Jewish groups such as the liberal-leaning J Street have also raised concerns about Israel's settlements and opposed calls for actions against Ben & Jerry's or Unilever.
Unilever had said the decision was made by Ben & Jerry's independent social mission board, and said it does not support the BDS movement.
In a letter to DiNapoli's office in August, Unilever CEO Alan Jope said Unilever is committed to its business in Israel, where it employs nearly 2,000 people, and said the Ben & Jerry's brand will remain in Israel.
"We have welcomed this decision to stay in Israel emphatically, and have been seeking to handle this matter in as respectful and sensitive way as possible," Jope wrote.
1917 年：貝爾福宣言的誕生
在 Arthur Balfour 的面部照片中，我認出了他為撰寫《貝爾福宣言》而感到的幸福。通過這些照片，我永遠忘不了他。
作者：大衛·格芬
2021 年 10 月 28 日 22:37
巴勒斯坦受限制，紐約，1944 年
（圖片來源：ARTHUR SZYK）
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我們都知道有一些名人，我們通過他們的著作和著名文件上的名字非常了解他們。作為美國的一名學生，我對門羅主義瞭如指掌，但從未見過他的照片——他是美國總統。我聽說貝爾福宣言很多年了，但直到有一天我才知道亞瑟·貝爾福爵士長什麼樣子。
大約 20 年前，《耶路撒冷郵報》的一位編輯找我與一位 Eretz Yisrael 照片收藏家合作，這些照片從 20 世紀之交到以色列建國初期。她獲得了一系列彩色明信片，這些明信片顯示了 1925 年耶路撒冷希伯來大學開學前亞瑟·貝爾福 (Arthur Balfour) 的訪問。我要寫下與她一起訪問的故事。
當我看到他的彩色照片時，我把它們作為我的焦點。我在希伯來文報紙上讀到了所有基布茲和莫沙維姆以及他訪問過的學校對他的崇拜。當我在那些照片中看著他時，我可以看到巴勒斯坦的 Eretz Yisrael 對他來說意味著什麼。從他的臉上，我感受到了他為撰寫《貝爾福宣言》而感到的幸福。通過這些照片，我永遠無法忘記他。
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1917 年 12 月，也就是 11 月 2 日《貝爾福宣言》發表一個月後，當他們和一般人得知一份承諾“在巴勒斯坦建立猶太家園”的文件現已存在時，猶太世界感到驚訝和感動。104 年前，這一具有里程碑意義的行為所帶來的快感受到美國和國外猶太社區的歡迎。我記得 1917 年 11 歲的母親安娜·伯施泰因·格芬 (Anna Birshtein Geffen) 告訴我她是如何在諾福克弗吉尼亞州的街道上跳舞的，當時她是多麼興奮，靠近教堂街的教堂街就是猶太人商店所在的地方。她有幸跟隨巴勒斯坦猶太人 Zvi Rekonty 先生學習，他在第一次世界大戰前搬到諾福克，並在他的私立宗教學校用希伯來語教授年輕人。
在美國其他城市也可以見證該文件的慶祝活動。歷史學家和過去半個世紀著名的猶太社區領袖托尼·揚在她廣受好評的《1860 年至 1925 年特拉華州的猶太人》一書中描述了那裡發生的事情。“1917 年 12 月 2 日，威爾明頓的猶太人在 YMHA（位於市中心）舉行示威，慶祝貝爾福宣言並為接下來的任務做準備。”
白皮書，紐約，1943 年，與 Historicana 合作複製（來源：ARTHUR SZYK）
一位知名人士應邀發言。“美國猶太復國主義組織執行委員會成員查爾斯·A·考恩解釋了宣言的含義。在場的人一致表達了深深的感激和深深的喜悅，並決心為完成猶太復國主義思想的工作獻出自己的生命。” 本著那個偉大時刻的精神，“他們唱起了猶太國歌，‘Hatikvah’。”
有時被遺忘的是遠東主要國家如何通過官方文件承認貝爾福宣言。讓我們回顧一下其中的一些努力。上海猶太復國主義協會由著名商人和慈善家嘉道理爵士領導。1847年生於巴格達，1880年移居上海。20世紀頭十年，他和兄弟們將生意轉移到香港。一旦落戶中國，他們就在中國其他城市建立了業務中心。上海是他們業務的主要中心之一。嘉道理更早搬到那裡並領導那裡的業務。
作為該領域的主要猶太復國主義者，他堅持不懈，並在遠東國家獲得了貝爾福宣言的認可。他首先轉向暹羅，即現在的泰國。1918 年 8 月 22 日，曼谷駐外辦事處致函嘉道理。
國人五倍券都怎麼用？達人這個招教你還能用在投資上還沒想好怎麼花五倍券嗎？黃金投資讓你的價值應聲！由睿森銀樓贊助
“我很榮幸地表示，暹羅王國政府表示同意盟軍對建立巴勒斯坦作為猶太人民族家園所採取的同情立場。” 這封信的其餘部分強調了其他重要的事情。“我們清楚地了解到，不會採取任何可能損害巴勒斯坦現有非猶太社區的公民或宗教權利的行動。”
繼續他的工作，嘉道理現在轉向中國。可想而知，中國正處於革命的陣痛之中，完成這樣一個戲劇性的舉動，公開表明對貝爾福宣言的積極立場，將是一個漫長的過程。然而，這位猶太復國主義領袖並沒有準備好讓這個機會成為中國人對猶太家園的認可。
這個過程很精彩。它始於與伍德羅·威爾遜總統任命的美國駐華部長保羅·賴尼施博士的接觸。接下來是在中國的美國法院服務的查爾斯·洛賓格法官的努力。他要求美國國務院要求中國政府支持貝爾福宣言。給洛布林格的回信顯示了雙重談話和法律術語。
“我是否可以請您向猶太復國主義協會的代表解釋這種情況，並向他們建議，也許可以通過美國的猶太復國主義組織更恰當地處理此事，該組織可能會將此事提交國務院州以向使館發出其認為合適的指示。”
洛布林格沒有放棄。幾個月後，他說服 Reinisch 繼續前進。他在一封信中向他強調了美國對貝爾福宣言的認可是多麼重要。他向 Reinisch 強調說，“伍德羅·威爾遜總統對猶太人對巴勒斯坦的渴望給予了無條件的認可。”
有效。《貝爾福宣言》發表一年多後，中國政府的背書信寄給了嘉道理。然後製作副本並發送到世界各地。美國和歐洲的出版物印刷了原信及其英文譯本，引起了極大的轟動。我在美國希伯來週報上看到了該文件的中文副本（帶翻譯），在紐約印刷並在美國各地分發。那次復制激發了我學習嘉道理的故事。
為完成遠東代言，嘉道理求助於日本政府。它移動得更快一些。1919 年 1 月，日本政府致函法國駐東京大使館，對“在巴勒斯坦建立猶太人家園”表示同情。在遠東主要國家的支持下，上海猶太復國主義協會在嘉道理的堅持下達到了目標。
另一個值得注意的人在英格蘭本身發揮了重要作用。拉夫·亞伯拉罕·艾薩克·庫克 (Rav Abraham Isaac Kook) 於 1914 年前往瑞士擔任拉比職位。兩年後的 1916 年，自第一次世界大戰爆發以來，他獲得了倫敦的一個職位，因為在衝突結束之前他無法返回巴勒斯坦。在倫敦期間，他努力反駁英國著名的反猶太復國主義領導人。他對即將出台的貝爾福宣言的立場甚至在議會中進行了討論。《貝爾福宣言》發表幾週後，英國猶太領導人舉行了節日宴會。那天晚上，Rav Kook 說了以下的話。
“猶太民族是萬國中的‘學者’，是有書的人，是先知的民族。任何一個國家能夠幫助它，都是莫大的榮幸。我祝福不列顛民族向《托拉》的人民提供瞭如此光榮的援助，使他們能夠返回他們的土地並重建他們的家園。”
1925 年 11 月 11 日，他在耶路撒冷的一次公開活動中發表了他的另一個經常被引用的演講。英國委任統治官員召集了這次聚會來紀念幾個週年紀念日。在耶路撒冷發生大砲後，有人要求默哀兩分鐘，慶祝第一次世界大戰結束的停戰協定。那天，在老城的 Hurva 猶太教堂，時任巴勒斯坦德系猶太人首席拉比的拉夫·庫克 (Rav Kook) 用以這種方式：
“我們猶太人不僅沉默了兩分鐘，而且沉默了 2000 年。列國從我們手中搶走了我們的土地。他們掠奪了我們寶貴的土地。他們灑了我們的血，我們總是保持沉默。”
然後，他以最有力的方式繼續說道。“我們遭受了 2000 年難以形容的苦難，但我們保持了平靜。我們今天的沉默是我們的抗議，我們的抗議。歸還盜竊！歸還你強行佔領的我們的聖地。”
儘管《貝爾福宣言》對我們的影響可能沒有它曾經有過的影響，但它仍然是我們國家以色列創建的重要組成部分。我為自己說話，我希望在我強調亞瑟·J·巴爾弗爵士的行為有多麼重要時，我也為其他人說話。此外，當路易斯·布蘭代斯法官向伍德羅·威爾遜總統強調該宣言的重要性時，英格蘭的這一法案得到了支持，並且應該宣布讓全世界聽到。
《貝爾福宣言》激勵了整整一代美國猶太人幫助將以色列國建設為以色列國，並認為 aliyah 是一種真正的可能性。
Toni Young 是過去半個世紀在美國和以色列非常忠誠的猶太領袖，她與我分享了她對自 1917 年發布以來著名文件的影響的看法：
“我相信貝爾福宣言是一個轉折點，世界正式承認'猶太人問題'並決定幫助猶太人恢復尊嚴並返回他們'古老的家園'的那一刻。” 她強烈強調，“我欣賞它的價值。如果沒有貝爾福宣言，以色列可能永遠不會被創建。”
現在她指出了在宣言之後產生的重要過程。“在接下來的 30 年裡，1917 年到 1947 年，猶太人通過政府、國際聯盟和最終美國參與了建立一個國家的法律程序。”
作為這個國家 40 多年的公民，我非常同意楊的結論：
“每個了解以色列為世界所做的一切好事，以及猶太公民為世界各地國家做出貢獻的所有方式的人，都應該了解《貝爾福宣言》的關鍵作用。”
1917: The birth of the Balfour Declaration
In photos of Arthur Balfour's face, I recognized the happiness he felt for writing the Balfour Declaration. Through those pictures, I can never forget him.
By DAVID GEFFEN
OCTOBER 28, 2021 22:37
Palestine restricted, New York, 1944
(photo credit: ARTHUR SZYK)
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We all know that there are some famous people whom we know very well through their writings and via their names on famous documents. As a schoolboy in the US, I knew all about the Monroe Doctrine but never saw his picture – he was a president of United States. I heard about the Balfour Declaration for many years, but I did not know what Sir Arthur Balfour looked like – until one day.
About 20 years ago I was approached by a Jerusalem Post editor to work with a collector of Eretz Yisrael photographs from the turn of the 20th century until the early years of the State of Israel. She had acquired a series of colored postcards which showed Arthur Balfour’s visit in 1925 prior to the opening of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. I was to write the story of that visit working with her.
As I saw the pictures of him, in color, I used them as my focus. I read in the Hebrew the newspapers about the adoration given to him in all the kibbutzim and moshavim and the schools he visited. As I watched him in those pictures, I could see what Eretz Yisrael, Palestine, meant to him. In his face, I recognized the happiness he felt for writing the Balfour Declaration. Through those pictures, I can never forget him.
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In December 1917, a month after the Balfour Declaration was issued on November 2, the Jewish world was amazed and touched when they and people, in general, learned that a document promising a “Jewish homeland in Palestine” now existed. The thrill of that monumental act, 104 years ago, was hailed by Jewish communities in US and abroad. I recall how excited my mother, Anna Birshtein Geffen, 11 then in 1917, told me how she danced in the streets of Norfolk Virginia near Church Street where the Jewish stores were located. She was fortunate to study with Mr. Zvi Rekonty, a Palestinian Jew, who moved to Norfolk before World War I, and taught the youngsters in Hebrew in his private religious school.
The celebration of the document can also be witnessed in other American cities. The historian and noted Jewish community leader for the last half century, Toni Young, in her acclaimed book Jews in Delaware from 1860 to 1925, described what happened there. “On December 2, 1917, Wilmington’s Jews held a demonstration at the YMHA (in the heart of the city) to celebrate the Balfour Declaration and prepare for the tasks that would follow.”
The White Paper, New York, 1943, reproduced with Historicana cooperation (credit: ARTHUR SZYK)
A noted personage had been invited to speak. “Charles A. Cowen, a member of the executive committee of American Zionist Organization, explained the meaning of the declaration. Those present unanimously expressed their profound gratitude and deep joy, and resolved to pledge their lives for the work of the consummation of Zionist ideas.” In the spirit of that great moment, “they sang the Jewish national anthem, ‘Hatikvah’.”
WHAT SOMETIMES is forgotten was how major countries in the Far East recognized the Balfour Declaration with an official document. Let us review some of those efforts. The Shanghai Zionist Association was headed by Sir Ely S. Kadoorie, a noted merchant and philanthropist. He was born in Baghdad in 1847 and moved to Shanghai in 1880. He and his brothers transferred their business to Hong Kong in the first decade of the 20th century. Once located in the country, they established centers of business in other Chinese cities. Shanghai was one of the major centers of their business. Kadoorie had moved there much earlier and led the business there.
As the leading Zionist in that area, he persevered and obtained endorsements of the Balfour Declaration in Far Eastern countries. He turned to Siam, now Thailand, first. A letter was sent to Kadoorie from the foreign office in Bangkok on August 22, 1918.
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“I have the honor to state that the Royal Siamese government expresses its accord with the sympathetic position taken by the Allies with reference to the establishment of Palestine as a national home for the Jewish people.” The rest of the letter stressed what else was important. “It being clearly understood that nothing will be done that may prejudice the civil or religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.”
Moving on in his work, Kadoorie now turned to China. As one can imagine, since China was in the throes of revolution, the completion of such a dramatic act, publicly stating a positive position on the Balfour Declaration was to be a lengthy one. However, this Zionist leader was not prepared to allow this opportunity to pass for a Chinese endorsement of the Jewish homeland to be.
This process was a fascinating one. It began with an approach made to Dr. Paul Reinisch, the American minister in China, appointed by President Woodrow Wilson. Next there were the efforts of Judge Charles Lobinger, serving in the US court in China. He asked the US State Department to request that the Chinese government provide an endorsement of the Balfour Declaration. The letter of reply to Lobringer demonstrated double-talk and legalese.
“May I ask you to be good enough to explain this situation to the representatives of the Zionist associations and suggest to them that the matter could perhaps be taken up more appropriately through the Zionist organization in the US which might lay the matter before the Department of State with a view to its issuing to the legation such instructions as it may consider suitable.”
Lobringer did not give up. Several months later, he persuaded Reinisch to move ahead. He stressed to him in a letter how important this American recognition of the Balfour Declaration was. He emphasized to Reinisch that “President Woodrow Wilson had given unqualified endorsement of the Jewish aspirations as regards Palestine.”
It worked. A little over a year after the Balfour Declaration was issued, the Chinese government’s letter of endorsement was sent to Kadoorie. Copies were then made and sent around the world. Publications in the US and Europe printed the original letter and its English translation, and a great deal of excitement was generated by it. I saw a copy of the document in Chinese (with a translation) in the American Hebrew weekly paper, printed in New York and distributed throughout the US. That reproduction inspired me to learn the Kadoorie story.
To complete the Far East endorsements, Kadoorie turned to the Japanese government. It moved a little more quickly. In January 1919 the Japanese government sent a letter to the French embassy in Tokyo expressing its sympathy for the “establishment in Palestine of a Jewish homeland.” With the endorsements from the major Far East countries, the Shanghai Zionist Association with Kadoorie’s persistence had achieved its goal.
ANOTHER NOTED individual played a major role in England itself. Rav Abraham Isaac Kook went to Switzerland for a rabbinic post in 1914. Two years later, in 1916, since World War I was on, he was offered a position in London, since he could not return to Palestine until after the strife ended. While in London, he worked hard to refute the noted British leaders who were anti-Zionist. His position on the forthcoming Balfour Declaration was even discussed in Parliament. A few weeks after the Balfour Declaration had been issued, British Jewish leaders held a festive banquet. That night Rav Kook said the following.
“The Jewish nation is the ‘scholar’ among the nations, the people of the book, a nation of prophets. It is a great honor for any nation to aid it. I bless the British nation for having extended such honorable aid to the people of the Torah so that they may return to their land and renew their homeland.”
Another often-quoted speech of his was given in Jerusalem, at a public event, on November 11, 1925. The gathering was called by British Mandate officials to mark several anniversaries. There was a request for two minutes of silence, following the cannon fire in Jerusalem, celebrating the Armistice concluding World War I. At the Hurva Synagogue in the Old City, that day, Rav Kook, then the chief Ashkenazi rabbi of Palestine, spoke in this manner:
“We the Jewish people have kept silent not only for two minutes, but for 2,000 years. The nations robbed our land from us. They plundered our cherished soil. They spilled our blood and we always kept silent.”
Then he continued in a most powerful way. “We suffered for 2,000 years of indescribable afflictions, but we kept our peace. Our silence today is our protest, our outcry. Return the theft! Return our holy places which you have taken by force.”
ALTHOUGH THE Balfour Declaration may not have the impact on us that it once had, it is still a major building block in the creation of our nation, Israel. I speak for myself, and I hope that I speak for others when I emphasize how significant Sir Arthur J. Balfour’s act was. Moreover, that act in England was endorsed by Justice Louis Brandeis when he emphasized to President Woodrow Wilson how important the declaration was, and that it should be announced for all the world to hear it.
The Balfour Declaration motivated an entire generation of American Jews to help build Eretz Yisrael into the State of Israel and to consider aliyah as a real possibility.
Toni Young, a very committed Jewish leader in the US and in Israel in the last half century, shared her thoughts with me concerning the impact of the famous document since it was issued in 1917:
“I believe the Balfour Declaration is the turning point, the moment that the world officially recognized the ‘Jewish problem’ and decided to help the Jews restore their dignity and return to their ‘ancient homeland’.” She emphasizes strongly, “I appreciate its value. Without the Balfour Declaration, Israel might never have been created.”
Now she points out the important process which was generated in the wake of the declaration. “For the next 30 years, 1917 to 1947, Jewish people participated in a legal process through governments, the League of Nations and eventually the US to establish a state.”
As a citizen of this country for over 40 years, I strongly agree with Young’s concluding words:
“Everyone who understands all the good Israel has done for the world, and all the ways Jewish citizens have contributed to their countries throughout the world, should understand the pivotal role of the Balfour Declaration.”
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