2021.10.26 國際新聞導讀-蘇丹發生政變，軍方與文人政府糾紛衝突已久、美國對與伊朗恢復核武談判產生希望、伊朗將部署最新防空飛彈到敘利亞對抗以色列空襲、巴勒斯坦總統阿巴斯將訪問莫斯科、八解內部有解除與以色列安全聯繫與所有簽署協議的呼聲、澳洲猶太人在經歷漫長封城鎖國後之感想、小行星撞擊地球帶來生命

蘇老師講解國際新聞、中東與中亞歷史、中國事務、太空知識的頻道。 Diplomat's daily news review and history research on Middle East and Central Asia, China Affairs and Space Exploration

2021.10.26 國際新聞導讀-蘇丹發生政變，軍方與文人政府糾紛衝突已久、美國對與伊朗恢復核武談判產生希望、伊朗將部署最新防空飛彈到敘利亞對抗以色列空襲、巴勒斯坦總統阿巴斯將訪問莫斯科、八解內部有解除與以色列安全聯繫與所有簽署協議的呼聲、澳洲猶太人在經歷漫長封城鎖國後之感想、小行星撞擊地球帶來生命
蘇丹“軍事政變”引發擔憂——分析
這對該地區很重要，也可能影響蘇丹與以色列的關係，因為蘇丹是在亞伯拉罕協議之後加入正常化道路的國家之一。
作者：SETH J. FRANZMAN
2021 年 10 月 25 日 22:52
2019 年 7 月 18 日，蘇丹抗議者在蘇丹喀土穆的綠色廣場舉行集會紀念倒下的抗議者時高喊口號和揮舞旗幟
（圖片來源：路透社/ MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH）
廣告
在該國緊張局勢和抗議活動加劇之際，軍隊已部署在蘇丹首都喀土穆。令人擔憂的是，一場軍事政變正在進行中。網上流傳的圖片顯示了逮捕和其他事件。天空新聞阿拉伯和其他阿拉伯頻道報導了軍隊的存在。
這對該地區很重要，也可能影響蘇丹與以色列的關係，因為它是在亞伯拉罕協議之後加入正常化道路的國家之一。
據報導，總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克被軟禁。美聯社稱，至少有五名政府官員被軟禁，其中包括總理。阿拉比亞說，喀土穆周圍的橋樑和道路被關閉。
Al-Monitor 的 Jared Szuba 指出，在美國非洲之角問題特使 Jeffrey Feltman 會見 Abdel Fattah Burhan 和 Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo（被稱為“Hemedti”）的第二天，就出現了明顯政變的報導。這兩人自 2019 年以來一直擔任主權委員會的負責人和副主席，這是在前蘇丹奧馬爾·巴希爾政府垮台後設立的關鍵軍事和領導職位。
布爾汗成為蘇丹的領導人，哈姆多克成為總理。這個概念是蘇丹將走向文官統治。然而，在舊的穆斯林兄弟會政權的支持者和那些想要更世俗民主的人之間，該國的勢力繼續在表面下鬥爭。
蘇丹總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克於 2019 年 9 月 3 日在蘇丹喀土穆與德國外交部長海科·馬斯舉行的聯合新聞發布會上發表講話（圖片來源：REUTERS/MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH）
在該地區，蘇丹在試圖轉向文官統治方面是一個局外人。阿拉伯之春之後，文官統治的許多希望都破滅了。突尼斯確實向民主過渡，但埃及等其他國家遭受了混亂和政變，變得更加專制。敘利亞仍在遭受內戰。
敵對勢力——比如支持穆斯林兄弟會的土耳其和反對它的沙特阿拉伯——導致了整個地區的競爭，從利比亞到突尼斯。
其他國家受到伊朗支持的試圖奪取也門、黎巴嫩和伊拉克權力的團體的影響。君主制繼續在海灣地區和約旦蓬勃發展。
因此，蘇丹不僅貧窮，而且還可能成為一個充滿為該地區性質而進行的潛在斗爭的國家。儘管位於非洲之角，但它仍被視為一個阿拉伯國家，並在阿拉伯民族主義和宗教政治中發揮了作用。在過去的十年裡，土耳其一直在尋求加強其在那裡的作用。埃及現在希望在蘇丹有重要盟友。
據 Al-Ain 媒體報導，在逮捕消息公佈後，蘇丹專業協會呼籲其支持者走上街頭。路透社援引一名目擊者的話說，蘇丹首都喀土穆的互聯網服務中斷。
報告稱：“隨著過渡時期軍事和民事夥伴之間的爭端升級，蘇丹正處於嚴重的政治危機之中，由於各方都堅持自己的立場，因此缺乏解決方案。”在艾因。
“軍方及其支持者連續第十天在總統府前紮營，呼籲解散過渡政府，組建其他國家權力機構，解散兄弟會解散委員會，擴大參與執政聯盟的基礎，”它說，“而自由與變革聯盟拒絕這些要求，並認為總統府前的運動是企圖攻擊革命。”
報導還指出，事件發生在美國特使訪問之後，哈姆多克媒體顧問的家遭到軍隊襲擊。10 月 2 日，費爾特曼也在蘇丹。
“在與總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克……內閣成員、主權委員會主席阿卜杜勒法塔赫·布爾汗、主權委員會成員和其他政治利益攸關方的會晤中，費爾特曼特使表達了美國對持續政治和經濟支持的承諾隨著蘇丹過渡的進行，”美國國務院表示。
“他還強調，這種支持取決於蘇丹是否遵守 2019 年憲法宣言和 2020 年朱巴和平協議中確立的商定過渡秩序。
“偏離這條道路和未能達到關鍵基準將使蘇丹與美國的雙邊關係面臨風險，包括美國的重大援助，以及安全合作以實現蘇丹武裝部隊現代化的前景以及美國在國際金融機構中的支持以及債務減免。”
10 月 24 日，美國之音報導了費爾特曼最近的第二次訪問。它指出，數十萬人一直在抗議文官統治。
美國駐喀土穆大使館表示，美國“特使周六在與蘇丹執政委員會主席和總理的會談中強調了華盛頓對蘇丹民主過渡到文官統治的支持”。
在美國之音的報導中，據說費爾特曼“敦促各方重新承諾共同努力執行蘇丹的憲法宣言，該宣言是在 2018-2019 年起義導致總統奧馬爾·巴希爾下台後簽署的。”
費爾特曼會見了將軍和主權委員會的負責人。
報告稱：“在 9 月的軍事政變未遂之後，現在分享權力的文職和軍事領導人之間的緊張局勢飆升，軍方表示已挫敗。”
Sudan ‘military coup’ sparks concern - analysis
This is important for the region and could also affect Sudan’s relations with Israel because Sudan was one of the countries that joined the path to normalization in the wake of the Abraham Accords.
By SETH J. FRANTZMAN
OCTOBER 25, 2021 22:52
Sudanese protesters shout slogans and wave flags during a rally honouring fallen protesters at the Green Square in Khartoum, Sudan July 18, 2019
(photo credit: REUTERS/ MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH)
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The military has been deployed in Sudan’s capital of Khartoum amid rising tensions in the country and protests. Concerns are that a military coup is underway. Pictures circulating online show arrests and other incidents. Sky News Arabia and other Arabic channels have reported the presence of the military.
This is important for the region, and could also affect Sudan’s relations with Israel because it was one of the countries that joined the path to normalization in the wake of the Abraham Accords.
According to reports, Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok was placed under house arrest. The Associated Press said that at least five government officials were put under house arrest, including the prime minister. Bridges and roads around Khartoum were closed, Al Arabiya said.
Jared Szuba at Al-Monitor noted that the report of the apparent coup comes a day after Jeffrey Feltman, US special envoy for the Horn of Africa, had met with Abdel Fattah Burhan and Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as “Hemedti.” These two have since 2019 been the head and deputy of the Sovereignty Council, the key military and leadership position created after the fall of the former Sudanese government of Omar al-Bashir.
Burhan became the leader of Sudan and Hamdok his prime minister. The concept was that Sudan would move toward civilian rule. However, forces in the country have continued to struggle under the surface, between supporters of the old Muslim Brotherhood regime and those who wanted a more secular democracy.
Sudan Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok speaks during joint press conference with German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas in Khartoum, Sudan September 3, 2019 (credit: REUTERS/ MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH)
In the region, Sudan was an outlier in trying to shift toward civilian rule. After the Arab Spring, many of the hopes for civilian rule were dashed. Tunisia did transition to democracy, but other countries like Egypt suffered chaos and coup and became more authoritarian. Syria is still suffering a civil war.
Rival powers – like Turkey, which backs the Muslim Brotherhood, and Saudi Arabia, which opposes it – have led to contests throughout the region, from Libya to Tunisia.
Other countries have suffered from Iranian-backed groups that tried to seize power in Yemen, Lebanon and Iraq. Monarchies have continued to thrive in the Gulf and in Jordan.
Sudan, therefore, was left not only poor but also potentially as a state full of underlying struggles for the nature of the region. It is seen as an Arab state, despite being in the Horn of Africa, and has played a role in Arab nationalist and religious politics. Turkey had sought to increase its role there in the last decade; Egypt now wants key allies in Sudan.
According to Al-Ain media, the Sudanese Professional Association has called its supporters to the streets after news of the arrests was publicized. Reuters quoted a witness that Internet services were disrupted in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum.
“Sudan is living in the midst of a severe political crisis following the escalation of the dispute between the military and civilian partners of the transitional period, amid the absence of a solution horizon in light of each party’s adherence to its position,” the report said at Al-Ain.
“The military and their supporters, camping in front of the presidential palace for the tenth day in a row, are calling for the dissolution of the transitional government, the formation of other national competencies, the dissolution of the Brotherhood’s dismantling committee, and the expansion of the base of participation in the ruling coalition,” it said, “while the Alliance for Freedom and Change rejects these demands, and considers the movement in front of the presidential palace as attempts to attack the revolution.”
Reports also noted that the incident took place after the visit of the US envoy, and that the home of Hamdok’s media adviser was stormed by troops. On October 2, Feltman was also in Sudan.
“In his meetings with Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok… members of the Cabinet, Sovereign Council Chairman Abdelfattah al-Burhan, members of the Sovereign Council and other political stakeholders, Special Envoy Feltman expressed the United States’ dedication to continued political and economic support as Sudan’s transition proceeds,” the US State Department said.
“He also underscored that such support depends on Sudan’s adherence to the agreed transitional order as established in the 2019 Constitutional Declaration and the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement.
“Deviation from this path and failure to meet key benchmarks will place at risk Sudan’s bilateral relationship with the United States, including significant US assistance, as well as the prospect of security cooperation to modernize the Sudanese armed forces and US support in the International Financial Institutions and for debt relief.”
On October 24, Voice of America reported the second recent Feltman visit. It noted that hundreds of thousands of people had been protesting for civilian rule.
The US “envoy underlined Washington’s support for a democratic transition to civilian rule in Sudan on Saturday during talks with the head of its ruling council and the prime minister,” said the US embassy in Khartoum.
In the VOA report, Feltman was said to have “urged all sides to recommit to working together to implement Sudan’s constitutional declaration, signed after a 2018-2019 uprising that resulted in the removal of president Omar al-Bashir.”
Feltman had met with the generals and the head of the Sovereignty Council.
“Tensions between the civilian and military leaders who now share power have soared in the wake of an attempted military coup in September, which the army said it had foiled,” said the report.
蘇丹政變會損害以色列關係嗎？- 分析
在這種情況下，以色列沒有好的選擇，只能觀望，不要被視為對正在發生的事情的黨派支持。
作者：SETH J. FRANZMAN
2021 年 10 月 25 日 22:00
蘇丹主權委員會主席阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布爾汗。
（圖片來源：維基百科）
廣告
在該國緊張局勢和抗議活動加劇之際，軍隊已部署在蘇丹首都喀土穆。令人擔憂的是，一場軍事政變正在進行中。網上流傳的圖片顯示了逮捕和其他事件。天空新聞阿拉伯和其他阿拉伯頻道報導了軍隊的存在。
這對該地區很重要，也可能影響蘇丹與以色列的關係，因為它是在亞伯拉罕協議之後加入正常化道路的國家之一。
據報導，總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克被軟禁。美聯社稱，至少有五名政府官員被軟禁，其中包括總理。阿拉比亞說，喀土穆周圍的橋樑和道路被關閉。
Al-Monitor 的賈里德·蘇巴 (Jared Szuba) 指出，在美國非洲之角特使杰弗裡·費爾特曼 (Jeffrey Feltman) 會見了阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布爾汗 (Abdel Fattah Burhan) 和穆罕默德·哈姆丹·達加洛 (Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo) 之後的第二天，就發生了明顯的政變。這兩個人自 2019 年以來一直擔任主權委員會的主席和副主席，這是在前蘇丹奧馬爾·巴希爾政府垮台後設立的關鍵軍事和領導職位。
布爾汗成為蘇丹的領導人，哈姆多克成為總理。這個概念是蘇丹將走向文官統治。然而，在舊的穆斯林兄弟會政權的支持者和那些想要更世俗民主的人之間，該國的勢力繼續在表面下鬥爭。
2021 年 6 月 3 日，蘇丹人在蘇丹喀土穆參加了反對快速支援部隊的遊行，他們指責後者襲擊了在 2019 年革命期間在國防部外紮營的抗議者。（圖片來源：REUTERS/MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH )
在該地區，蘇丹是一個試圖轉向文官統治的局外人。阿拉伯之春之後，文官統治的許多希望都破滅了。突尼斯確實向民主過渡，但埃及等其他國家遭受了混亂和政變，變得更加專制。敘利亞仍在遭受內戰。
敵對勢力——比如支持穆斯林兄弟會的土耳其和反對它的沙特阿拉伯——導致了整個地區的競爭，從利比亞到突尼斯。其他國家受到伊朗支持的試圖奪取也門、黎巴嫩和伊拉克權力的團體的影響。君主制繼續在海灣地區和約旦蓬勃發展。
因此，蘇丹不僅貧窮，而且可能成為一個充滿為該地區性質而進行的潛在斗爭的國家。儘管位於非洲之角，但它仍被視為一個阿拉伯國家，並在阿拉伯民族主義和宗教政治中發揮了作用。在過去的十年裡，土耳其一直在尋求加強其在那裡的作用。埃及現在希望在蘇丹有重要盟友。
據 Al-Ain 媒體報導，在逮捕消息公佈後，蘇丹專業協會呼籲其支持者走上街頭。路透社援引一名目擊者的話說，蘇丹首都喀土穆的互聯網服務中斷。
報告稱：“隨著過渡時期軍事和民事夥伴之間的爭端升級，蘇丹正處於嚴重的政治危機之中，由於各方都堅持自己的立場，因此缺乏解決方案。”在艾因。
“軍方及其支持者連續第十天在總統府前紮營，呼籲解散過渡政府，組建其他國家權力機構，解散兄弟會解散委員會並擴大執政聯盟的參與基礎，”它說，“而自由與變革聯盟拒絕這些要求，並將總統府前的運動視為攻擊革命的企圖。”
報導還指出，事件發生在美國特使訪問之後，哈姆多克媒體顧問的家遭到軍隊襲擊。10 月 2 日，費爾特曼也在蘇丹。
“在與總理阿卜杜拉·哈姆多克……內閣成員、主權委員會主席阿卜杜勒法塔赫·布爾汗、主權委員會成員和其他政治利益攸關方的會晤中，費爾特曼特使表達了美國對持續政治和經濟支持的承諾隨著蘇丹過渡的進行，”美國國務院表示。
“他還強調，這種支持取決於蘇丹是否遵守 2019 年憲法宣言和 2020 年朱巴和平協議中確立的商定過渡秩序，”它說。
“偏離這條道路和未能達到關鍵基準將使蘇丹與美國的雙邊關係面臨風險，包括美國的重要援助，以及安全合作以實現蘇丹武裝部隊現代化的前景以及美國在國際金融機構的支持以及債務減免。”
10 月 24 日，美國之音報導了費爾特曼最近的第二次訪問。它指出，數十萬人一直在抗議文官統治。
美國駐喀土穆大使館表示，美國特使周六在與蘇丹執政委員會主席和總理的會談中強調了華盛頓對蘇丹民主過渡到文官統治的支持。
在美國之音的報導中，據說費爾特曼“敦促各方重新承諾共同努力執行蘇丹的憲法宣言，該宣言是在 2018-2019 年起義導致總統奧馬爾·巴希爾下台後簽署的。”
費爾特曼會見了將軍和主權委員會的負責人。“在 9 月的軍事政變未遂之後，現在共享權力的文職和軍事領導人之間的緊張局勢飆升，軍方表示已挫敗。”
Will Sudan coup harm Israeli ties? - analysis
Israel has no good choices in this instance, except to wait and see and not be viewed as partisan to what is taking place.
By SETH J. FRANTZMAN
OCTOBER 25, 2021 22:00
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Chairman of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan.
(photo credit: WIKIPEDIA)
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The military has been deployed in Sudan’s capital of Khartoum amid rising tensions in the country and protests. Concerns are that a military coup is underway. Pictures circulating online show arrests and other incidents. Sky News Arabia and other Arabic channels have reported the presence of the military.
This is important for the region and could also affect Sudan’s relations with Israel because it was one of the countries that joined the path to normalization in the wake of the Abraham Accords.
According to the reports, Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok was placed under house arrest. The Associated Press said that at least five government officials were put under house arrest, including the prime minister. Bridges and roads around Khartoum were closed, Al Arabiya said.
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Jared Szuba at Al-Monitor noted that the report of the apparent coup comes a day after Jeffrey Feltman, US special envoy for the Horn of Africa, had met with Abdel Fattah Burhan and Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as “Hemedti”. These two men have been the head and deputy of the Sovereignty Council since 2019, the key military and leadership position created after the fall of the former Sudanese government of Omar al-Bashir.
Burhan became the leader of Sudan and Hamdok his prime minister. The concept was that Sudan would move toward civilian rule. However, forces in the country have continued to struggle under the surface, between supporters of the old Muslim Brotherhood regime and those who wanted a more secular democracy.
Sudanese take part in a march against the Rapid Support Forces, who they blame for a raid on protesters who had camped outside the defense ministry during the 2019 revolution, in Khartoum, Sudan, June 3, 2021. (credit: REUTERS/MOHAMED NURELDIN ABDALLAH)
IN THE REGION, Sudan was an outlier in trying to shift toward civilian rule. After the Arab Spring, many of the hopes for civilian rule were dashed. Tunisia did transition to democracy, but other countries like Egypt suffered chaos and coup and became more authoritarian. Syria is still suffering a civil war.
Rival powers – like Turkey which backs the Muslim Brotherhood and Saudi Arabia which opposes it – have led to contests throughout the region, from Libya to Tunisia. Other countries have suffered from Iranian-backed groups that tried to seize power in Yemen, Lebanon and Iraq. Monarchies have continued to thrive in the Gulf and in Jordan.
Sudan, therefore, was left not only poor but also potentially as a state full of underlying struggles for the nature of the region. It is seen as an Arab state, despite being in the Horn of Africa, and has played a role in Arab nationalist and religious politics. Turkey had sought to increase its role there in the last decade; Egypt now wants key allies in Sudan.
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According to Al-Ain media, the Sudanese Professional Association has called its supporters to the streets after news of the arrests was publicized. Reuters quoted a witness that Internet services were disrupted in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum.
“Sudan is living in the midst of a severe political crisis following the escalation of the dispute between the military and civilian partners of the transitional period, amid the absence of a solution horizon in light of each party’s adherence to its position,” the report said at Al-Ain.
“The military and their supporters, camping in front of the presidential palace for the tenth day in a row, are calling for the dissolution of the transitional government, the formation of other national competencies, the dissolution of the Brotherhood’s dismantling committee and the expansion of the base of participation in the ruling coalition,” it said, “while the Alliance for Freedom and Change rejects these demands, and considers the movement in front of the presidential palace as attempts to attack the revolution.”
REPORTS ALSO noted that the incident took place after the visit of the US envoy and that the home of Hamdok’s media adviser was stormed by troops. On October 2, Feltman was also in Sudan.
“In his meetings with Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok… members of the Cabinet, Sovereign Council Chairman Abdelfattah al-Burhan, members of the Sovereign Council and other political stakeholders, Special Envoy Feltman expressed the United States’ dedication to continued political and economic support as Sudan’s transition proceeds,”the US State Department said.
“He also underscored that such support depends on Sudan’s adherence to the agreed transitional order as established in the 2019 Constitutional Declaration and the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement,” it said.
“Deviation from this path and failure to meet key benchmarks will place at risk Sudan’s bilateral relationship with the United States, including significant US assistance, as well as the prospect of security cooperation to modernize the Sudanese armed forces and US support in the International Financial Institutions and for debt relief.”
On October 24, Voice of America reported the second recent Feltman visit. It noted that hundreds of thousands of people had been protesting for civilian rule.
The US “envoy underlined Washington’s support for a democratic transition to civilian rule in Sudan on Saturday during talks with the head of its ruling council and the prime minister, the US embassy in Khartoum said.”
In the VOA report, Feltman was said to have “urged all sides to recommit to working together to implement Sudan’s constitutional declaration, signed after a 2018-2019 uprising that resulted in the removal of president Omar al-Bashir.”
Feltman had met with the generals and the head of the Sovereignty Council. “Tensions between the civilian and military leaders who now share power have soared in the wake of an attempted military coup in September, which the army said it had foiled.”
埃及總統塞西多年來首次結束緊急狀態
通過路透
2021 年 10 月 25 日 21:31
埃及總統阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·塞西 (Abdel Fattah al-Sisi) 週一在 Facebook 帖子中寫道，他多年來首次結束該國的緊急狀態。
埃及於 2017 年 4 月首次實施緊急狀態，此後每隔三個月延長一次。
Egypt's President Sisi ends state of emergency for the first time in years
By REUTERS
OCTOBER 25, 2021 21:31
Egypt's President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi said on Monday that he ended the state of emergency in the country for the first time in years, the president wrote in a Facebook post.
Egypt first imposed a state of emergency in April 2017 and has extended it at three-month intervals since.
伊朗派遣先進防空電池挑戰以色列
以色列在敘利亞發動襲擊，試圖阻止伊朗在敘利亞和黎巴嫩的真主黨設防和向真主黨走私先進武器。
作者：安娜·阿羅海姆
2021 年 10 月 25 日 21:32
伊朗國旗飄揚在維也納聯合國辦公大樓前
（照片來源：路透社/LISI NIESNER/文件照片）
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伊朗已開始在該地區部署先進的防空導彈組，包括在以色列飛機經常進行空襲的敘利亞，試圖挑戰以色列空軍的飛機。
據國外報導，以色列在敘利亞進行了數百次襲擊，試圖阻止伊朗在敘利亞和黎巴嫩以及伊拉克等國家，甚至進一步作為其間戰爭的一部分，阻止伊朗在敘利亞和黎巴嫩向真主黨走私先進武器。對伊朗的戰爭運動。
過去一年，以色列在敘利亞的打擊力度加大，而敘利亞防空系統的反應速度卻加快了。這導致以色列空軍改變了其在此類行動中的行動方式，包括在行動期間擴大編隊規模，以便一次打擊更多目標，而不是讓噴氣式飛機返回同一目標。
2018 年，一架 F-16 在以色列行動期間被敘利亞軍隊發射的 S-200 導彈擊中後墜毀在以色列北部。近年來，敘利亞導彈也降落在以色列，包括今年，一枚導彈的彈片擊中了特拉維夫北部，另一枚錯誤的攔截導彈落在了內蓋夫沙漠的迪莫納核電站附近。
伊朗是以色列軍隊的重中之重，參謀長中將。Aviv Kohavi 為戰備和軍事演習預留了額外的國防預算。以色列空軍還恢復了針對伊朗核設施成為目標的情景的強化培訓。
為了挑戰以色列的噴氣式飛機，伊朗改變了其防空導彈電池的部署，將其雷達與導彈發射器分開。此舉迫使更多的以色列噴氣式飛機參與任何可能的針對該國核計劃的行動。
以色列空軍明白伊斯蘭共和國的國防工業很強大。雖然它可能沒有空軍，但其無人機能力令人擔憂，並對以色列和其他地區國家構成重大威脅，正如 2019 年沙特阿美襲擊事件和今年早些時候發生的致命默瑟街襲擊事件所見。
國防官員已經確定真主黨、哈馬斯和其他恐怖組織手中的伊朗無人機數量有所增加。
哈馬斯、巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭聖戰組織和真主黨在投資無人機能力後都使用武器化無人機進行攻擊。
近年來，無人機侵犯了以色列領空，導致以色列國防軍緊急出動噴氣式飛機或發射導彈。哈馬斯在 5 月的最後一場戰爭中使用了伊朗無人機，幾架伊朗無人機試圖侵入該國北部的以色列領空。
在默瑟街襲擊事件發生後，國防部長本尼·甘茨警告說，伊朗在幾次襲擊中使用了無人機，這就是“我們現在必須對伊朗採取行動的原因。伊朗不僅努力獲得核能力，而且還在伊朗、也門、伊拉克和其他國家通過配備數百架無人機的恐怖主義民兵在中東引發危險的軍備競賽並播下不穩定的種子。”
甘茨警告說，伊朗構成的威脅“不是未來的威脅，而是有形的直接威脅”，他誓言以色列將努力消除對以色列公民和利益的任何威脅。
Iran sending advanced anti-aircraft batteries to challenge Israel
Israel carries out strikes in Syria in an attempt to thwart Iranian entrenchment and the smuggling of advanced weapons to Hezbollah in Syria and Lebanon.
By ANNA AHRONHEIM
OCTOBER 25, 2021 21:32
Iranian flag flies in front of the UN office building in Vienna
(photo credit: REUTERS/LISI NIESNER/FILE PHOTO)
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Iran has begun deploying advanced anti-aircraft missile batteries to the region, including in Syria where Israeli jets routinely carry out airstrikes, in an attempt to challenge Israel Air Force jets.
Israel has carried out hundreds of strikes in Syria in an attempt to thwart Iranian entrenchment and the smuggling of advanced weapons to Hezbollah in Syria and Lebanon, according to foreign reports, and in countries like Iraq and even further as part of its war-between-wars campaign against Iran.
Over the past year, while Israeli strikes have intensified in Syria, the response time by Syrian air-defense batteries has become quicker. This has lead to the IAF changing how it acts during such operations, including by having larger formation during operations so that more targets can be struck at once instead of having jets return to the same target.
In 2018, an F-16 crashed in northern Israel after it was struck by an S-200 missile fired by Syrian forces during an Israeli operation. Syrian missiles have also landed in Israel in recent years, including this year when shrapnel from one missile hit northern Tel Aviv, and when another errant interceptor missile landed close to the Dimona nuclear site in the Negev Desert.
Iran is a top priority for Israel’s military, and Chief of Staff Lt.-Gen. Aviv Kohavi has set aside an additional defense budget for war readiness and military exercises. The IAF has also resumed intensive training for scenarios in which Iran’s nuclear facilities are targeted.
In an attempt to challenge Israeli jets, Iran has changed the deployment of its anti-aircraft missile batteries, separating their radars from the missile launchers. Such a move forces more Israeli jets to take part in any possible operation against the country’s nuclear program.
The Israel Air Force understands that the Islamic Republic’s defense industry is robust. While it might not have an air force, its drone capabilities are worrisome and pose a major threat to Israel and other regional countries, as seen by the 2019 Aramco attack and the recent deadly Mercer Street attack earlier this year.
Defense officials have identified an increased amount of Iranian drones in the hands of Hezbollah, Hamas, and other terrorist groups.
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Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hezbollah have all used weaponized drones to carry out attacks after they invested in drone capabilities.
Drones have breached Israeli airspace in recent years, leading the IDF to scramble jets or fire missiles. Hamas used Iranian drones during the last war in May, and several Iranian drones tried to breach Israeli airspace in the North of the country.
Following the Mercer Street attack, Defense Minister Benny Gantz warned that Iran has used its drones in several attacks, and that is “exactly why we must act now against Iran. Iran not only strives to gain nuclear capabilities, but it is also sparking a dangerous arms race and sowing instability in the Middle East via terrorist militias armed with hundreds of UAVs, in Iran, Yemen, Iraq and other countries.”
Warning that the threat posed by Iran is “not a future threat but a tangible and immediate one,” Gantz vowed that Israel will work to remove any threat against Israeli citizens and interests.
美國的耐心到了，對德黑蘭的壓力可能還需要幾天時間——分析
如果耶路撒冷希望華盛頓對德黑蘭進行重大升級，它將不得不等待數月而不是數天。
作者：尤娜傑瑞米鮑勃
2021 年 10 月 25 日 20:35
伊朗總統易卜拉欣·賴西本月早些時候訪問了布什爾核電站。
（圖片來源：官方總統網站/路透社）
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等待德黑蘭談話的拜登政府的第一階段已經結束。
美國對伊朗推遲重返核談判的耐心已經上升，它將在“未來幾天和幾週”開始與全球合作夥伴一起施加壓力，以讓伊朗回到談判桌，這是新聞發布會的一個重要內容美國伊朗特使羅伯·馬利。
在簡報會上，馬利說他和他的團隊最近會見了歐盟、遜尼派海灣國家和其他非西方夥伴（9 月他在莫斯科），以“討論我們從這裡走向何方——看看未來幾周和幾個月”，如果談判不能在短期內恢復，他們將對伊斯蘭共和國採取什麼步驟。
2015 年 3 月 20 日，在洛桑與伊朗外交部長賈瓦德·扎里夫就伊朗核計劃會晤後，美國國務卿約翰·克里與他的談判團隊成員一起共進午餐，其中包括美國國家安全委員會的羅伯特·馬利（左）。（信用：路透社/布賴恩斯奈德）
然而，他幾乎立即糾正了自己，並表示美國及其合作夥伴不會在未來幾個月內採取行動，而是“在未來幾天和幾週內”採取行動。
這可能是弗洛伊德式的從舊信息到新信息的失誤，但重要的是急於糾正並為美國的回應創造更大的即時性和期望。
雖然距離美國或以色列軍事行動的最後期限還很遠——馬利對這些問題非常不屑一顧——但這是華盛頓準備認真對待“B計劃”以迫使德黑蘭停止其核侵犯並進行合作的第一個跡象與國際原子能機構的檢查員。
這是與數月來的一般性威脅相比的重大變化，伊朗無法永遠回到與任何後果完全無關的談判桌前。
從以色列的角度來看，推動伊斯蘭共和國重新進入談判並遠離持續 60% 的核濃縮的一些真正的牙齒和後果是個好消息。
儘管如此，這只是信息的一半。
消息的另一半是，拜登政府將採取的步驟可能會緩慢而漸進地推出，以最大限度地增加阿亞圖拉重返談判桌的機會。
如果耶路撒冷可能希望華盛頓對德黑蘭進行重大升級，它可能需要再等幾個月，而不是幾天。
拜登團隊如此致力於外交解決方案，以至於馬利說，即使2015 年的 JCPOA 核協議已經過時，該方法也只是談判一項新的更新協議。
洩露的報導談到試圖讓俄羅斯和中國在口頭和經濟上進一步孤立伊朗。
最近幾天，莫斯科罕見地批評阿亞圖拉未能在維也納表達他們與美國的分歧。
關鍵將是俄羅斯和中國是否會按照任何時間表加入。
如果他們這樣做了，這正是迫使德黑蘭在 2012 年至 2015 年之間進行妥協的原因。
然而，如果他們不這樣做，美國和歐盟所能施加的所有壓力可能不足以讓阿亞圖拉讓步。
所以現在真正的問題是找出最高領袖阿亞圖拉阿里哈梅內伊的遊戲是什麼。
如果他想再壓幾個月，獲得濃縮 60% 的寶貴科學核經驗並隱瞞一些成就，最終可能會進行談判和達成協議。
如果哈梅內伊不願意在沒有更嚴重壓力的情況下談判，我們可能還有幾個月或更長時間才能結束目前的雞核談判遊戲。
最黑暗的情況是，哈梅內伊假裝想要交談，卻希望獲得核武器——這可能只有以色列的罷工才能阻止。
但馬利週一的演講至少可能會讓伊朗幾個月來首次處於守勢。
US patience is up, pressure on Tehran could be days away - analysis
If Jerusalem hoped for a major escalation from Washington against Tehran, it will have to wait months longer, and not days.
By YONAH JEREMY BOB
OCTOBER 25, 2021 20:35
IRANIAN PRESIDENT Ebrahim Raisi visits the Bushehr nuclear power plant earlier this month.
(photo credit: OFFICIAL PRESIDENTIAL WEBSITE / REUTERS)
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Stage one of the Biden administration waiting for Tehran to talk has concluded.
The patience of the US with Iranian procrastination from returning to nuclear talks is up and it will start exerting pressure along with global partners in “the coming days and weeks” to get Iran back to the negotiating table, was a major takeaway from a press briefing by US Iran envoy Rob Malley.
At one point in the briefing, Malley said that he and his team had met with EU, Sunni Gulf states and other non-Western partners (in September he was in Moscow) recently to “discuss where we go from here – to see in the coming weeks and months” what steps they would take against the Islamic Republic if there was no near-term return to talks.
United States Secretary of State John Kerry walks to lunch with members his negotiating team, including Robert Malley (L) from the US National Security Council, following a meeting with Iran's Foreign Minister Javad Zarif over Iran's nuclear program in Lausanne March 20, 2015. (credit: REUTERS/BRIAN SNYDER)
However, almost immediately he corrected himself and said there would be action by the Us and its partners not in the coming months, but “in the coming days and weeks.”
This might have been a Freudian slip from old messages to new messages, but what mattered was the rush to correct and create greater immediacy and expectations for a US response.
While far from a deadline for US or Israeli military action – Malley was very dismissive of questions along those lines – it is a first sign that Washington is ready to get serious about a “Plan B” for pressing Tehran to halt its nuclear violations and cooperate with International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors.
This is a major change from months of generic threats that Iran did not have forever to return to the table which was entirely divorced from any consequences.
From Israel’s perspective, some real teeth and consequences to push the Islamic Republic back into talks and away from continued 60% nuclear enrichment is good news.
Still, that was only half of the message.
The other half of the message was that the steps the Biden administration will take will likely be rolled out slowly and incrementally to maximize the chances of the ayatollahs returning to the negotiating table.
If Jerusalem might have hoped for a major escalation from Washington against Tehran, it will likely have to wait some months longer, and not days.
So committed to a diplomatic solution is the Biden team that Malley said that even if the 2015 JCPOA nuclear deal became obsolete, the approach would simply be to negotiate a new-updated deal.
Leaked reports have talked about trying to get Russia and China to verbally and economically further isolate Iran.
In recent days, Moscow took a rare moment to criticize the ayatollahs for failing to talk out their disagreements with the US in Vienna.
The key will be whether Russia and China will get on board for any timeline.
If they do, that is exactly what forced Tehran’s hand into a process of compromise between 2012 and 2015.
Yet, if they do not, all of the US and EU pressure that can be mustered may be insufficient to get the ayatollahs to budge.
So the real question now will be finding out what Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s game is.
If he wanted to press a few more months to gain valuable scientific nuclear experience with 60% enrichment and to conceal some achievements, there may finally be negotiations and a deal.
If Khamenei is unwilling to talk without more serious pressure, we still may be months away or more from seeing an end to the current game of chicken and nuclear negotiations.
The darkest scenario is where Khamenei is hoping to achieve a nuclear weapon while pretending to want to talk – something likely only an Israeli strike could prevent.
But Malley’s presentation Monday at least could put Iran on the defensive for the first time in months.
伊朗向納坦茲的更多機器供應高濃縮鈾 - IAEA
伊朗尚未宣佈在維也納恢復討論恢復 2015 年核協議的日期，根據該協議，伊朗遏制其核計劃以擺脫美國、歐盟和聯合國的經濟制裁。
通過路透
2021 年 10 月 25 日 22:29
2008 年 4 月，前伊朗總統馬哈茂德·艾哈邁迪內賈德訪問了納坦茲鈾濃縮設施，當時該設施的離心機被震網病毒摧毀。為什麼現在要為攻擊和參與而承擔責任，並以咆哮和虛張聲勢承認？
（照片來源：伊朗伊斯蘭共和國總統辦公室通過蓋蒂圖片社拍攝）
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聯合國核監督機構週一表示，伊朗正在將其鈾濃縮擴大到超過 20% 純度的高濃縮閾值，在那裡它已經濃縮到 60%，但新活動不涉及保留該產品。
此舉可能有助於伊朗完善其對濃縮過程的了解——西方大國普遍譴責這一點，因為它是不可逆轉的——但由於這次產品沒有被收集，它不會立即加速伊朗生產濃縮鈾以接近武器——年級。然而，國際原子能機構在路透社看到的一份報告中表示，這促使國際原子能機構在納坦茲的地上試驗燃料濃縮廠（PFEP）“增加其保障活動的頻率和強度”。大約 90% 的鈾被認為是武器級的。
國際原子能機構在一份概述該報告的聲明中表示，伊朗上周向其通報了該廠離心機設置的變化，即濃縮鈾的機器，伊朗將把濃縮至 20% 的鈾輸送到數量​​有限的額外離心機中，而不會收集產品。
2020 年 9 月 21 日，國際原子能機構總幹事拉斐爾·格羅西聆聽伊朗原子能組織負責人阿里-阿克巴爾·薩利希在奧地利維也納總部舉行的國際原子能機構大會開幕式上的講話（圖片來源：REUTERS/LEONHARD FOEGER）
“2021 年 10 月 25 日，原子能機構核實伊朗開始將濃縮至 20% U-235 的（六氟化鈾氣體）送入 PFEP 研發生產線 2 的單個 IR-6 離心機中，並且由此產生的產品和尾料流正在被回收。 -結合，”國際原子能機構的報告說，這意味著在分離濃縮產品後，它與離心機的廢物混合而不是保留。
伊朗曾表示，它還計劃將濃縮至 20% 的鈾輸送到同一生產線上的其他單一離心機或中小型級聯或機器集群中，但當時並沒有輸送這些設備，IAEA說過。
伊朗尚未宣佈在維也納恢復討論恢復 2015 年核協議的日期，根據該協議，伊朗遏制其核計劃以換取美國、歐盟和聯合國經濟制裁的緩解。
當時的美國總統唐納德特朗普於 2018 年放棄了該協議，並重新實施了嚴厲的美國製裁。大約一年後，伊朗開始違反協議對鈾濃縮的一些限制。
Iran feeds highly enriched uranium into more machines at Natanz -IAEA
Iran has yet to announce a date to resume discussions in Vienna about reviving the 2015 nuclear pact under which it curbed its nuclear program for relief from US, EU, and UN economic sanctions.
By REUTERS
OCTOBER 25, 2021 22:29
Former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visits the Natanz uranium enrichment facility in April 2008, shortly before its centrifuges were destroyed by the Stuxnet virus. Why is responsibility now being taken for attacks and involvement being admitted with bluster and bravado?
(photo credit: PHOTO BY THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENCY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN VIA GETTY IMAGES)
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Iran is expanding its enrichment of uranium beyond the highly enriched threshold of 20% purity at a Natanz plant where it is already enriching to 60%, but the new activity does not involve keeping the product, the UN nuclear watchdog said on Monday.
The move is likely to help Iran refine its knowledge of the enrichment process - something Western powers generally condemn because it is irreversible - but since this time the product is not being collected it will not immediately accelerate Iran's production of uranium enriched to close to weapons-grade. It has, however, prompted the International Atomic Energy Agency to "increase the frequency and intensity of its safeguards activities" at the above-ground Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP) at Natanz, the IAEA said in a report seen by Reuters. As of around 90% uranium is considered weapons-grade.
The IAEA said in a statement outlining the report that Iran informed it last week of changes to the setup of centrifuges, machines that enrich uranium, at the plant - Iran would feed uranium enriched to up to 20% into limited numbers of extra centrifuges without collecting the product.
IAEA director-general Rafael Grossi listens as head of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization Ali-Akbar Salehi delivers his speech at the opening of the IAEA General Conference at their headquarters in Vienna, Austria September 21, 2020 (credit: REUTERS/LEONHARD FOEGER)
"On 25 October 2021, the Agency verified that Iran began feeding (uranium hexafluoride gas) enriched up to 20% U-235 into a single IR-6 centrifuge in R&D line 2 at PFEP and that the resulting product and tails streams were being re-combined," the IAEA report said, meaning that after separating the enriched product it was mixed with the centrifuge's waste and not kept.
Iran had said it planned to also feed uranium enriched to up to 20% into other single centrifuges or small- to medium-sized cascades, or clusters, of machines on the same line, but those were not being fed at the time, the IAEA said.
Iran has yet to announce a date to resume discussions in Vienna about reviving the 2015 nuclear pact under which it curbed its nuclear program in return for relief from US, EU and UN economic sanctions.
Then-US President Donald Trump abandoned the pact in 2018 and reimposed harsh US sanctions. About a year later, Iran started violating some of the deal's limits on uranium enrichment.
以色列國防軍散發傳單，稱敘利亞阿拉伯軍官為真主黨工作
在以色列被指控襲擊戈蘭敘利亞一側的目標後不久，這些小冊子就被丟棄了。
作者：安娜·阿羅海姆
2021 年 10 月 25 日 20:55
2019 年 1 月 21 日，在敘利亞大馬士革上空看到導彈射擊。
（圖片來源：SANA/Handout via REUTERS）
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以色列軍方散發傳單，指責敘利亞阿拉伯軍隊與真主黨合作，並在戈蘭高地的恐怖組織實施空襲幾小時後，明確點名為該恐怖組織工作的特工。
在反對派消息人士指責以色列襲擊了屬於真主黨所謂的“戈蘭檔案”的目標後不久，這些小冊子就在敘利亞南部庫奈特拉省的 al-Ba'ath 和 al-Krum 附近被撤下。
敘利亞的 SANA 通訊社後來證實了這次襲擊，稱：“猶太復國主義佔領軍今天黎明時分在南部地區發動了新的侵略，這是他們對敘利亞領土的神聖和主權一再侵略的一部分。”
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SANA援引消息人士的話說，“敘利亞確認其有權利和能力應對這些襲擊並遏制佔領當局的侵略傾向。”
敘利亞反對派消息人士稱，襲擊目標包括阿拉伯敘利亞軍隊第90旅偵察觀察連連長巴沙爾·侯賽因的辦公室。
侯賽因是傳單上提到的警告 SAA 官員不要與真主黨合作的人之一。
“三角屋”坐落在加利福尼亞州塔扎納兩山之間風景如畫的地方由 Mansion Global 贊助
這些小冊子還提到了戈蘭高地行動負責人穆尼爾·沙伊托（也稱為哈吉·哈希姆）的兒子賈瓦德·哈希姆和第 90 旅指揮官侯賽因·哈穆什的名字。
週一早上，當地居民發現了這些人的照片以及駕駛的汽車。小冊子上有保衛敘利亞接壤地區的第 210 巴山師的鷹標誌。
“給敘利亞軍隊。正如我們在之前的警告中提到的那樣，你與真主黨的持續合作及其在敘利亞南部的駐紮是給你帶來痛苦的原因，”傳單說。
“儘管如此，你們中的一些人，例如第 90 師偵察部隊的負責人巴沙爾·侯賽因上校，在出賣你們和平民的靈魂之前不會三思而後行，以幫助哈吉賈瓦德哈希姆，為繼續真主黨的偵察項目服務在 Tel Kurom Khan 地區、金融大樓和其他地區，始終不顧公眾利益和您自己的安全。真主黨正在秘密和公開地控制和利用你。儘管如此，這並不妨礙我們隨時隨地揭露其骯髒的行為。”
5 月，以色列國防軍在該地區投放了類似的小冊子，警告哈穆什不要與該組織合作。
“停止與真主黨的敘利亞和黎巴嫩人員合作，”以色列國防軍當時警告說。“否則，您將無法安心。我們特別注意到 Brig.-Gen。Hussein Hamoush，第 90 旅指揮官。他是那些以最便宜的價格出賣自己的良心和家園的人之一，以換取真主黨的援助，以在他們的主人中偽裝他們的形象，無視一般利益和你的安全。”
以色列一再警告說，它不會容忍德黑蘭在敘利亞戈蘭建立永久軍事存在的努力，並承認對屬於伊朗及其代理人真主黨的目標進行了數百次襲擊。
幾天前，總理納夫塔利·貝內特在俄羅斯索契會見了俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾·普京，後者發誓莫斯科不會妨礙耶路撒冷對敘利亞採取行動的自由。
軍方高級官員證實，兩軍之間沒有摩擦，化解機制運作良好。
兩週前，以色列被指控在與以色列接壤的戈蘭高地哈達爾村附近的 Eltinah 鎮用狙擊手射擊殺死了 Madhat al-Salah。薩拉赫此前曾因恐怖主義活動在以色列監獄中度過一段時間，並被認為是一名敘利亞情報活動家，曾參與在以色列招募消息來源。
儘管外媒指責以色列在空襲中針對與真主黨合作的敘利亞人進行空襲，但以色列首次被指控對參與恐怖組織的個人使用狙擊火力。
自從敘利亞軍隊重新奪回敘利亞南部並返回陣地後，真主黨和伊朗支持的軍隊已部署到該地區。根據 ALMA 研究和教育中心的一份報告，在敘利亞南部庫奈特拉省和德拉省有 58 個地點屬於該組織。
根據去年發布的報告，有 28 個地點部署了真主黨部隊作為南方司令部部隊的一部分，另有 30 個地點存在根據戈蘭項目運作的小組。
由穆尼爾·阿里·納伊姆·沙提 (Munir Ali Na'im Shaiti) 領導的南部司令部是負責敘利亞南部的真主黨部隊，其主要職能是在該地區建立真主黨基礎設施，不僅收集以色列國防軍的情報，而且訓練阿拉伯敘利亞軍隊第一與以色列作戰的軍團。
戈蘭項目由 Ali Mussa Daqduq 指揮，總部位於大馬士革和貝魯特。在敘利亞城鎮哈達爾、奎內特拉和厄內有近 30 個牢房，其中有數十名特工收集有關以色列和軍事行動的情報。
耶路撒冷郵報的工作人員為本報告做出了貢獻。
IDF drops leaflets outing Syrian Arab Army officers as working for Hezbollah
The pamphlets were dropped shortly after Israel was accused of striking targets on the Syrian side of the Golan.
By ANNA AHRONHEIM
OCTOBER 25, 2021 20:55
Missile fire is seen over Damascus, Syria January 21, 2019.
(photo credit: SANA/HANDOUT VIA REUTERS)
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The Israeli military dropped leaflets accusing the Syrian Arab Army of cooperating with Hezbollah and explicitly named operatives working for the terrorist group on the Golan Heights, just hours after it carried out airstrikes in the area.
The pamphlets were dropped shortly after Israel was accused by opposition sources of striking targets belonging to Hezbollah’s so-called “Golan File” near al-Ba’ath and al-Krum in the southern Syrian province of Quneitra.
Syria’s SANA news agency later confirmed the strikes, saying: “Zionist occupation forces committed a new aggression in the southern region at dawn today, as part of their repeated aggression against the sanctity and sovereignty of the Syrian territories.”
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The source quoted by SANA added, “Syria affirms its right and ability to respond to these attacks and curb the aggressive tendency of the occupation authorities.”
Syrian opposition sources said that among the targets of the attacks were the offices of Bashar Hussein, commander of the Reconnaissance and Observation Company in the 90th Brigade in the Syrian Arab Army.
Hussein was one of the individuals named on the leaflets that warned SAA officers against working with Hezbollah.
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The pamphlets also named Jawad Hashem, the son of Munir Shaito (also known as Haj Hashem), who is the commander of the head of the group’s operations on the Golan, and Hussein Hamoush, commander of the 90th Brigade.
Pictures of the men, along with the cars that were driving, were found by local residents on Monday morning. The pamphlets had the eagle symbol of the 210th Bashan Division that defends the area bordering Syria.
“To the Syrian army elements. As we have mentioned in our previous warnings, your continued collaboration with Hezbollah and its stationing in South of Syria is what brings your suffering onto you,” the leaflets said.
“Nevertheless, some of you, such as the head of the reconnaissance unit in the 90th division Colonel Bashar Al Hussein, does not think twice before selling your and the civilians souls for helping Hajj Jawad Hashem, in service of continuing the reconnaissance projects of Hezbollah in the area of Tel Kurom Khan, the Financial building, and other areas, all the while disregarding the general interest and you own safety. Hezbollah is controlling you and using you secretly and publicly. Still, this does not prevent us from revealing its dirty deeds at all times and places.”
Similar pamphlets were dropped in the area by the IDF in May, which warned Hamoush against working with the group.
“Stop cooperating with the Syrian and Lebanese personnel of Hezbollah,” the IDF warned at the time. “Otherwise you will have no peace of mind. We note in particular Brig.-Gen. Hussein Hamoush, commander of Brigade 90. And he is among those who have sold their consciences and their homeland at the cheapest of prices in return for aid for Hezbollah to camouflage their image among their masters, ignoring the general interest and your safety.”
Israel has repeatedly warned that it would not tolerate Tehran’s efforts to establish a permanent military presence in the Syrian Golan, and has admitted to hundreds of strikes against targets belonging to Iran and its proxy, Hezbollah.
The strike comes a few days after Prime Minister Naftali Bennett met in Sochi, Russia, with President Vladimir Putin, who vowed that Moscow wouldn’t hamper Jerusalem’s freedom of action over Syria.
Senior military officials have confirmed that there has been no friction between the two militaries, and that the deconfliction mechanism is working well.
Two weeks ago Israel was accused of killing Madhat al-Salah by sniper fire in the town of Eltinah, near the village of Hadar on the Golan Heights along the border with Israel. Salah had previously spent time in an Israeli prison due to terrorist activities, and was considered a Syrian intelligence activist who was involved in recruiting sources in Israel.
Though Israel has been accused by foreign media of targeting individuals working with Hezbollah in Syria in airstrikes, it was the first time that Israel was accused of using sniper fire against individuals involved with the terror group.
Since Syrian troops recaptured southern Syria and returned to its positions, Hezbollah and Iranian-backed troops have deployed to the area. According to a report by the ALMA Research and Education Center, there are 58 locations belonging to the group in the southern Syrian provinces of Quneitra and Dara’a.
According to the report released last year, there are 28 locations with Hezbollah forces deployed as part of the Southern Command unit, and another 30 locations where there is a presence of cells operating under the Golan Project.
The Southern Command, led by Munir Ali Na’im Shaiti, is the Hezbollah unit in charge of southern Syria whose main function is to create a Hezbollah infrastructure in the area that not only gathers intelligence on the IDF, but trains the Syrian Arab Army 1st Corps for war with Israel.
The Golan Project is under the command of Ali Mussa Daqduq, with headquarters in Damascus and Beirut. Close to 30 cells with dozens of operatives collecting intelligence on Israel and military movements are in the Syrian towns of Hadar, Quinetra and Erneh.
Jerusalem Post staff contributed to this report.
巴勒斯坦人再次威脅要取消與以色列的協議
巴勒斯坦權力機構負責人馬哈茂德·阿巴斯將訪問莫斯科，要求對以色列施加額外壓力。上週，納夫塔利·貝內特總理訪問了俄羅斯。
由哈利·阿布·托梅
2021 年 10 月 25 日 20:50
巴勒斯坦總統馬哈茂德·阿巴斯於 2021 年 5 月 25 日在約旦河西岸城市拉馬拉與美國國務卿安東尼·布林肯（未圖示）出席聯合新聞發布會。
（照片來源：ALEX BRANDON/POOL VIA REUTERS）
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巴勒斯坦領導人再次威脅要撤銷與以色列簽署的所有協議，尤其是奧斯陸協議，稱他們也對美國政府對巴以沖突“缺乏興趣”感到失望。
巴勒斯坦權力機構官員加強了對以色列政府的言辭攻擊，此舉有可能結束巴勒斯坦權力機構與以色列之間明顯的解凍關係。
最近幾週，包括國防部長本尼·甘茨（Benny Gantz）在內的一些以色列部長和官員訪問了拉馬拉，在那裡他們會見了巴勒斯坦權力機構主席馬哈茂德·阿巴斯（Mahmoud Abbas）和其他巴勒斯坦代表。
此外，巴解組織與以色列社會互動委員會在過去幾週接待了幾個以色列學者、作家、記者、政治活動家和前政府官員代表團，作為鼓勵雙方對話的努力的一部分。
週日晚上，阿巴斯在拉馬拉主持了巴解組織和法塔赫官員的緊急會議，討論圍繞巴勒斯坦問題的最新進展以及巴勒斯坦與以色列和美國的關係。
2021 年 6 月 7 日，巴勒斯坦法塔赫武裝分子在加沙地帶南部的汗尤尼斯舉行反以色列集會。（圖片來源：REUTERS/IBRAHEEM ABU MUSTAFA）
官員們還討論了巴勒斯坦權力機構的嚴重金融危機，此前許多西方捐助者在過去 18 個月內停止向拉馬拉提供資金。
會前，巴解組織和法塔赫的多名高級官員要求巴勒斯坦領導人討論撤銷巴解組織對以色列的承認、終止巴勒斯坦安全部隊與以色列國防軍之間的安全關係以及取消與以色列簽署的所有協議的可能性。
官員們表示，巴勒斯坦領導人沒有理由不執行包括巴解組織中央委員會在內的巴勒斯坦機構先前提出的與以色列斷絕所有關係的建議，除非以色列承認一個以東耶路撒冷為首都的獨立巴勒斯坦國。 1967 行。
去年，巴勒斯坦領導人短暫停止了與以色列的安全協調，以抗議以色列政府擱置的將以色列主權擴展到約旦河西岸某些地區的計劃。
一位官員指責以色列政府通過為西岸定居者批准新的住房單元，並將六個非政府組織歸類為恐怖組織，對巴勒斯坦人“發動戰爭”。
“這個政府似乎比本傑明·內塔尼亞胡的右翼政府更糟糕，”一位官員說。“我們將不再被一些以色列部長和政府官員的積極言論所欺騙。”
巴解組織和法塔赫的高級成員阿扎姆·艾哈邁德在會後表示，巴勒斯坦領導人決定向幾個國家派遣特使，敦促他們向以色列施壓，要求他們遵守所有與以阿衝突有關的國際決議。
艾哈邁德說，特使還將警告說，如果政府不接受兩國解決方案並執行國際決議，巴勒斯坦領導人將放棄與以色列簽署的所有協議。
“如果以色列不致力於兩國解決方案，我們將要求一個民主國家，”艾哈邁德告訴巴勒斯坦權力機構的巴勒斯坦電視台。他還透露，阿巴斯計劃在未來幾天訪問莫斯科，與俄羅斯總統普京就該地區的最新發展進行會談。
“俄羅斯是巴勒斯坦人民的重要朋友，”巴勒斯坦官員說。“我們希望俄羅斯人向以色列施加壓力，以承諾兩國解決方案。”
上個月在聯合國大會上的一次虛擬演講中，阿巴斯威脅說，如果以色列不在一年內從約旦河西岸、加沙地帶和東耶路撒冷撤出，將撤銷巴勒斯坦對以色列的承認。
阿巴斯還威脅要回到聯合國安理會關於分治計劃的第 181 號決議，並支持一國解決方案。
部分出席會議的巴勒斯坦官員表示，他們對美國政府在以巴衝突問題上“拖拖拉拉”的做法深表失望。
在會議上，阿巴斯呼籲美國重新開放美國駐耶路撒冷領事館，該領事館在被前總統唐納德特朗普政府關閉之前曾作為對巴勒斯坦人的非官方外交使團。阿巴斯還呼籲美國重新開放同樣被特朗普政府關閉的巴解組織駐華盛頓外交使團，並取消前美國政府對巴勒斯坦人實施的所有金融“制裁”。
法塔赫副主席馬哈茂德·阿魯爾說，巴勒斯坦領導人不能再接受現狀的延續。
“所有選項都擺在桌面上，包括取消與占領簽署的協議，撤銷[巴勒斯坦]對以色列的承認，並尋求執行國際決議，以公正和全面地解決巴勒斯坦問題，”al-Aloul 告訴記者PA 的巴勒斯坦之聲廣播電台。
阿魯爾和幾名巴勒斯坦高級官員指責以色列政府對巴勒斯坦人犯下“罪行”，並指出在西岸某些地區定居者對巴勒斯坦人的“襲擊”有所增加，證明“罪行”正在“全面實施”。以色列政府和以色列軍隊的支持。”
Palestinians renew threat to nix agreements with Israel
PA head Mahmoud Abbas is set to visit Moscow to demand for additional pressure on Israel. Prime Minister Naftali Bennett visited Russia last week.
By KHALED ABU TOAMEH
OCTOBER 25, 2021 20:50
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas attends a joint press conference with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken (not pictured), in the West Bank city of Ramallah, May 25, 2021.
(photo credit: ALEX BRANDON/POOL VIA REUTERS)
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Palestinian leaders have renewed their threats to rescind all signed agreements with Israel, especially the Oslo Accords, saying they are also disappointed with the US administration’s “lack of interest” in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Palestinian Authority officials have stepped up their rhetorical attacks on the Israeli government, a move that is threatening to end an apparent thaw in relations between the PA and Israel.
In recent weeks, a number of Israeli ministers and officials, including Defense Minister Benny Gantz, visited Ramallah, where they met with PA President Mahmoud Abbas and other Palestinian representatives.
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Additionally, the PLO Committee for Interaction with Israeli Society has hosted several delegations of Israeli academics, writers, journalists, political activists and former government officials over the past few weeks, as part of an effort to encourage dialogue between the two sides.
On Sunday evening, Abbas chaired an emergency meeting of PLO and Fatah officials in Ramallah to discuss the latest developments surrounding the Palestinian issue and the Palestinians’ relations with Israel and the US.
Palestinian Fatah militants hold an anti-Israel rally in Khan Younis, in the southern Gaza Strip June 7, 2021. (credit: REUTERS/IBRAHEEM ABU MUSTAFA)
The officials also discussed the severe financial crisis in the PA, after many Western donors stopped channeling funds to Ramallah over the past 18 months.
Ahead of the meeting, a number of senior PLO and Fatah officials demanded that the Palestinian leadership discuss the possibility of revoking PLO recognition of Israel, ending security ties between the Palestinian Security Forces and the IDF, and canceling all signed agreements with Israel.
The officials said that there was no reason why the Palestinian leadership should not implement previous recommendations by Palestinian bodies, including the PLO Central Council, to sever all ties with Israel unless it recognized an independent Palestinian state with east Jerusalem as its capital on the pre-1967 lines.
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The Palestinian leadership briefly halted security coordination with Israel last year in protest of a since-shelved plan by the Israeli government to extend Israeli sovereignty to some parts of the West Bank.
One official accused the Israeli government of “waging war” on the Palestinians by approving new housing units for settlers in the West Bank, and classifying six NGOs as terrorist organizations.
“This government appears to be worse than the right-wing government of Benjamin Netanyahu,” said one official. “We will no longer be deceived by the positive rhetoric of some Israeli ministers and government officials.”
Azzam al-Ahmed, a senior member of the PLO and Fatah, said after the meeting that the Palestinian leadership has decided to dispatch envoys to several countries to urge them to pressure Israel to adhere to all international resolutions pertaining to the Israeli-Arab conflict.
Ahmed said that the envoys will also carry a warning that the Palestinian leadership will walk away from all signed agreements with Israel if the government fails to accept the two-state solution and implement the international resolutions.
“We will demand one democratic state if Israel does not commit to the two-state solution,” Ahmed told the PA’s Palestine TV. He also revealed that Abbas is planning to visit Moscow in the coming days for talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the latest developments in the region.
“Russia is an important friend of the Palestinian people,” the Palestinian official said. “We want the Russians to exert pressure on Israel to commit to the two-state solution.”
In a virtual speech before the UN General Assembly last month, Abbas threatened to revoke Palestinian recognition of Israel if it does not withdraw from the West Bank, Gaza Strip and east Jerusalem within a year.
Abbas also threatened to return to UN Security Council Resolution 181 related to the partition plan and endorse the one-state solution.
Some of the Palestinian officials who attended the meeting said they expressed deep disappointment with the US administration’s “foot-dragging” regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
At the meeting, Abbas called on the US to reopen the US consulate in Jerusalem that had served as an unofficial diplomatic mission to the Palestinians before it was shut by the administration of former president Donald Trump. Abbas also called on the US to reopen the PLO diplomatic mission in Washington, which was also closed by the Trump administration, and to cancel all financial “sanctions” imposed on the Palestinians by the previous US administration.
Mahmoud al-Aloul, deputy chairman of Fatah, said the Palestinian leadership can no longer accept the continuation of the status quo.
“All options are on the table, including canceling the agreements signed with the occupation, revoking the [Palestinian] recognition of Israel and seeking the implementation of international resolutions to reach a just and comprehensive solution to the Palestinian issue,” al-Aloul told the PA’s Voice of Palestine radio station.
Aloul and several senior Palestinian officials accused the Israeli government of committing “crimes” against the Palestinians, pointing to an increase in settler “assaults” on Palestinians in some parts of the West Bank as proof of the ongoing “crimes” perpetrated “with the full backing of the Israeli government and the Israeli army.”
澳大利亞猶太人擺脫了對猶太人生活的封鎖和嚴格限制
在 COVID-19 期間，澳大利亞因世界上一些最嚴重的封鎖而聞名。
作者：傑瑞米·沙龍
2021 年 10 月 25 日 21:54
澳大利亞國旗（說明）。
（圖片來源：維基共享資源）
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在 COVID-19 大流行時期，澳大利亞以世界上一些最嚴重的封鎖措施而聞名，這些封鎖措施旨在將疾病拒之門外並防止傳染病在當地傳播。
上週，維多利亞州的墨爾本解除了為期 78 天的封鎖，自大流行首次爆發以來，累計被隔離了 260 多天。
與此同時，悉尼在兩週前結束了長達 107 天的封鎖，總共經歷了 159 天的此類限制。
這意味著澳大利亞猶太人比他們在世界各地的絕大多數同胞經歷了更長時間的封鎖。
對於最大的猶太中心墨爾本和悉尼等城市的猶太社區來說，封鎖已經被強烈感受到，迄今為止正常的宗教和社區生活長時間停止，就像全球許多其他猶太社區一樣.
澳大利亞墨爾本（圖片來源：PIXABAY）
這些封鎖如何影響宗教和社區生活，它們對未來會產生什麼影響？
悉尼大猶太教堂的首席部長本·埃爾頓 (Ben Elton) 博士說，由於長時間的行動限制，社區遭受了嚴重的損失。
婚禮被推遲，葬禮僅限於 10 名哀悼者，許多酒吧和蝙蝠成人禮儀式被迫在網上舉行，而不是與年輕男孩或女孩的朋友和家人一起舉行。
在本周和安息日期間，親自祈禱服務顯然被取消了。而作為猶太歷的頂峰的至高聖日服務則連續兩年被完全註銷。
埃爾頓指出，過去的猶太新年，澳大利亞代表委員會，一個社區領導組織，與政府談判，允許在公園吹羊角，並在贖罪日進行 50 分鐘的戶外祈禱。
“成千上萬的人來自全市各地參加這些活動。這是自六月以來的第一個真正的公共時刻，人們因此而士氣大振，”拉比說。
本月早些時候，悉尼和它所在的新南威爾士州解除了封鎖，首先是限制性的，然後是按照越來越少的限制的疫苗接種目標。
埃爾頓說，在封鎖結束後的第一個安息日，限制已經放寬，他的猶太教堂的出席人數已經幾乎恢復到冠狀病毒爆發前的水平，這就是會眾恢復正常宗教生活的願望。
他指出，這一次聚集的會眾返回猶太教堂與之前的封鎖後發生的情況明顯不同，當時他說人們返回的速度要慢得多，這可能是因為當時尚未推出疫苗。
事實上，在實施新的封鎖之前，Shabbat 服務花了整整一年時間才恢復到 COVID 之前的水平。
他說，幾座猶太教堂最初很難找到一個 10 人的法定人數來參加工作日服務，並指出悉尼市中心的一個猶太教堂不得不晚點進行晨間服務，以確保有足夠的參與者。
拉比說，他預計在大流行最嚴重的時期在線上進行的許多講座、課程和其他活動將繼續存在，但鑑於猶太法律的要求，他認為這不會對社區宗教生活產生長期影響。為正統實踐。
“猶太人的生活取決於同時在同一個地方，至少在東正教中，”他指出。
拉比約納坦·薩多夫 (Yonatan Sadoff) 是墨爾本唯一的保守黨猶太教堂 Kehilat Nitzan 的負責人，他說他所在社區的情況發生了更多變化。
他說，面對大流行和無休止的封鎖，他的社區在安息日和假期的祈禱服務方面面臨著兩難選擇。
最終，猶太教堂做出了“一個艱難的決定”並開始直播其服務，讓他的會眾能夠盡可能地重新融入宗教和社區生活。
猶太法律在很大程度上禁止在安息日使用電子設備，許多保守黨或馬索爾蒂會眾也遵守這一點。
“我們認為這對猶太人來說是一個緊急時期，我們希望以最可能被允許的方式做到這一點，”薩多夫說，並指出直播服務是通過安全攝像頭廣播的，並且會眾得到了指示關於如何在安息日之前登錄以盡量減少對猶太法律的違反。
薩多夫說，這些直播服務在他的社區成員中獲得了很好的吸引力，甚至吸引了東正教猶太教堂的成員，但他們對安息日遵守的態度更加靈活。
“大多數澳大利亞猶太社區是東正教或屬於東正教猶太教堂，但他們在安息日和假期沒有任何東西，”他說。
“所以我們覺得我們正在為更大的社區提供一些東西，我們免費向其他人開放。”
拉比說，封鎖造成了“高度的壓力、焦慮和心理壓力”，因為他們造成了長時間的孤立，猶太教堂試圖通過一系列在線程序來緩解這種情況。
薩多夫指出，每日祈禱服務以有限的形式在線轉移，即使在解除封鎖後，他的猶太教堂也通過視頻會議與悉尼的保守黨會眾一起參加工作日的禮拜。
薩多夫說，在之前的封鎖之後，安息日早晨的出席人數達到了實施新限制之前之前水平的四分之三，但他表示，人們現在很高興能夠恢復面對面的服務。
儘管如此，他認為大流行對猶太教堂的現場出席率的影響可能是持久的，但這不一定是負面現象。
拉比說：“當某些事情由於某種情況而從根本上停止時，有關的某些事情就會被打破，但它也允許新的事情發生。”
“人們會質疑猶太教堂和猶太人的靈性，並做出新的決定，也許這會導致轉向更有意義的事情，這意味著如果祈禱沒有激起，人們將不會接受他們長期以來偽造的東西一切都是關於我們一直在做的事情以及我們應該做的事情。
“人們可能認為它必須以某種更深的方式打動他們，讓他們成為更好的人，更好地發揮作用，並成為對世界的貢獻和祝福。”
離薩多夫在墨爾本的猶太教堂不遠的是由拉比丹尼爾拉賓領導的南考菲爾德希伯來語會堂，儘管他很快將在該市一個更大的社區擔任新職位。
與拉比埃爾頓和薩多夫一樣，拉賓也注意到封鎖給社區猶太人生活帶來的壓力，以及他通過在線編程以某種形式保持社區團結的努力，以及通過電話、電子郵件和社交媒體的在線教牧關懷。
他說他的猶太教堂甚至經歷了成員的增長，因為以前無關聯的人們對可用的編程數組及其易於訪問感興趣。
但他也注意到會眾對在線精神生活的疲勞。拉賓說，在 2020 年的至高聖日之後，他收到了來自社區人們的數十條信息，感謝他和猶太教堂為幫助人們度過這段時期而採取的各種舉措。
在最近的假期過後，新鮮感已經消失，人們似乎比以前更厭倦了這種情況。
拉賓對有多少人會返回接受面對面服務表示懷疑和“真正的擔憂”，他說他在上個安息日（封鎖後的第一個安息日）的經歷證明他錯了。
他的猶太教堂很快就填滿了 50 名會眾的配額，並希望也能填滿即將到來的安息日 150 人的配額。
拉賓說，由於擔心感染 COVID-19 的安全問題，而不是試圖將其拒之門外，可能有些人回來的速度較慢，但最終他看到宗教生活恢復正常。
“這非常特別，”他談到最後一個安息日，這是自封鎖結束以來的第一個公共安息日。
“我能真正看到人們重新聚在一起並作為一個社區祈禱的喜悅和解脫感。
“人們確實因宗教服務被取消而受苦。真正渴望人與人之間的聯繫，對許多人來說，這就是猶太教堂和猶太教堂社區。”
Australian Jews emerge from lockdown and severe restrictions on Jewish life
During COVID-19, Australia has become know for some of the most severe lockdowns in the world.
By JEREMY SHARON
OCTOBER 25, 2021 21:54
The Australian flag (Illustrative).
(photo credit: Wikimedia Commons)
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During the COVID-19 pandemic era, Australia has become known for some of the most severe lockdowns in the world, designed to keep the disease out of the country and prevent the local spread of contagion.
Last week, Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, exited a 78-day lockdown, and cumulatively was subject to more than 260 days of confinement since the pandemic first hit.
Meanwhile, Sydney ended a whopping 107-day lockdown two weeks ago and has in total endured 159 days of such restrictions.
This means Australian Jews have experienced longer lockdowns than the overwhelming majority of their brethren around the world.
For Jewish communities in cities such as Melbourne and Sydney, the largest Jewish centers, the lockdowns have been keenly felt, with what was hitherto normal religious and communal life grinding to a halt for long periods, as happened to numerous other Jewish communities around the globe.
Melbourne, Australia (credit: PIXABAY)
How did these lockdowns affect religious and communal life, and what will be their impact into the future?
Rabbi Dr. Ben Elton, the chief minister of The Great Synagogue in Sydney, said the community suffered significantly as a result of the prolonged periods of movement restrictions.
Weddings were postponed, funerals were restricted to just 10 mourners, and many bar and bat mitzvah ceremonies were forced online instead of happening with the young boy’s or girl’s friends and family.
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In-person prayer services were obviously canceled during the week and on Shabbat. And High Holy Day services, the pinnacle of the Jewish calendar, were a complete write-off two years running.
Elton noted that this past Rosh Hashanah, the Australian Board of Deputies, a communal leadership organization, negotiated with the government to allow shofar-blowing in public parks, and 50 minutes of outdoor prayer over Yom Kippur.
“Thousands of people came to those events from across the city. It was the first real communal moment since June, and people had a huge morale boost because of it,” said the rabbi.
Earlier this month, Sydney and the state of New South Wales in which it is located, came out of lockdown, first in a restricted manner and then in accordance with vaccination targets with fewer and fewer restrictions.
Elton said that on that first Shabbat after the lockdown ended, with restrictions already easing, his synagogue was already nearly back up to pre-coronavirus levels of attendance, such was the desire of congregants to resume normal religious life.
And he noted that the flocking of congregants back to synagogue this time around is markedly different from what happened after previous lockdowns when he said people returned much more slowly, likely due to the fact that vaccines had not been rolled out at the time.
Indeed, it took a full year to get back to pre-COVID levels for Shabbat services, before new lockdowns were imposed.
He said several synagogues initially struggled to get a minyan, a quorum of 10 men, for weekday services and notes that one synagogue in downtown Sydney had to make its morning service later in order to ensure it had enough participants.
The rabbi said he expects that many lectures, classes and other events which moved online during the worst of the pandemic will remain there, but that he does not believe there will be a long-term impact on communal religious life given the requirements of Jewish law for Orthodox practice.
“Jewish life depends on being in the same place at the same time, at least in Orthodoxy,” he pointed out.
Rabbi Yonatan Sadoff heads Melbourne’s only Conservative synagogue, Kehilat Nitzan, and said that things in his community have changed a little bit more.
He said that in the face of the pandemic and the interminable lockdowns, his community was faced with a dilemma as to how to proceed in terms of prayer services over Shabbat and holidays.
Eventually, the synagogue made “a difficult decision” and began to live-stream its services to give his congregants the ability to reconnect with religious and communal life as best as possible.
Jewish law largely prohibits the use of electronic devices over Shabbat, something which many Conservative or Masorti congregations also abide by.
“We decided this was an emergency period for the Jewish people, and that we wanted to do this in the most halachically permissible way possible,” said Sadoff, noting that the live-streamed services were broadcast via security cameras and that congregants were given instructions as to how to log on before Shabbat so as to minimize infractions of Jewish law.
Sadoff said that these live-streamed services got good traction with members of his community, and even attracted people who were members of Orthodox synagogues but more flexible in their attitude toward Shabbat observance.
“Most of the Australian Jewish community is Orthodox or belongs to Orthodox synagogues, but they didn’t have anything for the Shabbat and the holidays,” he said.
“So we felt we were providing something for the larger community, and we opened it up for free to others.”
The rabbi said the lockdowns generated “high levels of stress, anxiety and psychological strain,” due to the prolonged isolation they caused, something which the synagogue tried to alleviate through an array of online programs.
Daily prayer services moved online in a limited format and, Sadoff notes, have remained there even after the lockdown was lifted, with his synagogue joining with the Conservative congregation in Sydney for weekday services via video conferencing.
Sadoff said that after the previous lockdown, attendance on Shabbat mornings reached up to three quarters of previous levels before new restrictions were introduced, but said people were now excited to return to in-person services.
Still, he believes that the effects of the pandemic on in-person synagogue attendance might be long-lasting, but that this would not necessarily be a negative phenomenon.
“When something is stopped in a fundamental way because of a certain situation, something about that gets broken, but it also allows for new things to happen,” said the rabbi.
“People are going to question synagogue and Jewish spirituality, and make new decisions, and maybe this will cause a shift to something more meaningful, meaning that people won’t accept things they have faked for a long time if prayer isn’t stirring at all and is just about what we’ve always done and what we’re supposed to do.
“People might think it has to move them in some deeper way, how it makes them a better person, function better, and be a contribution and blessing to the world.”
Not far away from Sadoff’s synagogue in Melbourne is South Caulfield Hebrew Congregation headed by Rabbi Daniel Rabin, although he is soon to move on to a new posting at a larger community in the city.
Like Rabbis Elton and Sadoff, Rabin too noted the strain the lockdowns put on communal Jewish life, and his efforts to keep the community together in some format through online programming, as well as online pastoral care through phone calls, emails, and social media.
He said his synagogue even experienced a growth in membership as previously unaffiliated people became interested in the array of programming available, and its ease of access.
But he also noted the fatigue that congregants experienced with online spiritual life. Rabin said that after the High Holy Days of 2020, he got dozens of messages from people in his community thanking him for the various initiatives he and the synagogue took to help people through the period.
After the recent holiday period, the novelty of that had worn off and people seemed more fed up with the situation than previously.
Having had doubts and “genuine concern” about how many people would return for in-person services, Rabin said his experience over last Shabbat, the first after lockdown, proved him wrong.
His synagogue quickly filled its quota of 50 congregants and hopes to fill this coming Shabbat’s 150 person allowance as well.
Rabin says that there might be some who are slower to come back due to safety concerns about living with COVID-19 as opposed to trying to keep it out, but that ultimately he sees religious life returning to normal.
“It was very special,” he said of last Shabbat, the first communal Shabbat since the lockdown ended.
“I could genuinely see the joy and feeling of relief that people were back together and praying as a community.
“People did suffer from having their religious services taken away. There is a real desire for human connection, and for many people that is synagogue and synagogue community.”
古代小行星頻繁撞擊地球，延遲了生命的興起——研究
其中一些小行星的大小約為 10 公里，撞擊地球的頻率是當前模型所建議的 10 倍。
通過AARON REICH
2021 年 10 月 24 日 18:34
科學家們認為，大約 6500 萬年前，地球地質歷史上白堊紀和第三紀交界處的加勒比地區發生了一起事件，導致恐龍滅絕。
（圖片來源：路透社）
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小行星撞擊仍然是最危險的自然災害之一，但災難性的碰撞在人們的記憶中很少見。然而，地球早期的情況肯定不是這樣，當這顆年輕的行星受到巨大的古代小行星的猛烈轟擊時——比以前認為的頻率高 10 倍——並且可能推遲了地球維持生命的能力，一項新的研究表明透露。
研究中記錄的影響發生在太古代時期，即 25 億至 40 億年前。在此期間，這顆行星的環境非常不同——受到小行星的轟擊無疑進一步改變了地貌。
通過分析小行星殘餘物，科學家們創建了這些碰撞影響的模型。根據他們發表在學術期刊《自然地球科學》上的發現，主要的小行星撞擊大約每 1500 萬年發生一次，比當前模型所建議的頻率高 10 倍。
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這些也不是小行星，其中一些大小約為 6 英里（10 公里）。
相比之下，美國宇航局已將任何 140 米或更大接近地球的小行星標記為潛在危險小行星 (PHA)，因為它有可能對地球造成災難性破壞。
小行星撞擊：我們如何阻止小行星撞擊？（信用：PIXABAY）
當這些巨大的小行星撞擊地球時，會產生撞擊球。當小行星撞擊地球地殼的一部分熔化並蒸發時，它們就會形成，導致它們在熔融岩石凝結和凝固之前在地表上方形成巨大的羽流。然後它會以沙粒大小的顆粒落回地球，沉降到地殼中。撞擊球的層數越多，產生的撞擊就越多。
這些很難找到，但近年來的發現增加了對這一時期撞擊事件數量的科學理解。
但這些小行星撞擊所產生的影響可能遠遠超出簡單地對景觀造成破壞。事實上，它們可能已經改變了大氣的化學性質。
太古宙是地球上生命首次開始形成的時期，也是氧氣在大氣中緩慢積累的時期。
直到 25 億至 5.41 億年前的元古代早期，在厭氧藻類在光合作用過程中釋放氧氣之後，氧氣本身並沒有大量存在於大氣中。
但現在人們認為，如果沒有這些小行星，氧氣本可以更早地積累起來。
在這種藝術演繹中，可以看到一顆小行星正朝著地球駛去。（信用：PIXABAY）
斯坦福大學西南研究所的主要作者西蒙娜·馬爾奇博士在一份聲明中說：“輸送到早期地球的累積撞擊質量是一個重要的氧氣‘匯’，這表明早期轟擊可能延遲了地球大氣層的氧化。”
這是因為小行星撞擊會產生反應性氣體，可以扼殺大氣中的低濃度氧氣。
但隨著時間的推移和轟炸的頻率降低，大氣中的氧氣含量開始上升，這就是所謂的大氧化事件 (GOE)。
“在 GOE 之前的很長一段時間內，衝擊蒸汽導致偶發性低氧水平，”馬爾奇說。“隨著時間的推移，碰撞變得越來越不頻繁且太小，以至於無法顯著改變 GOE 後的氧氣水平。地球正朝著成為當前行星的方向發展。”
小行星的破壞性，即使是小行星，專家們都知道，世界各地的航天機構都在監測潛在的災難性影響，並研究阻止它們的潛在方法。
一種可能阻止小行星撞擊的方法是使用偏轉，這意味著發射一些東西來稍微改變小行星的路徑。這些努力中最突出的是雙小行星重定向測試 (DART) 任務，該任務定於 11 月發射，這是 NASA 和應用物理實驗室努力的結果。
通俗地說，這意味著用火箭以足夠的速度撞擊小行星，使其方向改變百分之幾。
然而，這種方法確實有其缺陷，最顯著的是時機。DART 任務中使用的航天器已經花費了相當長的時間和資源來開發和發射。如果小行星撞擊看起來如此突然，那麼這種時間可能是地球無法承受的奢侈。
空中客車公司於 2021 年 7 月提出的另一種方法提出了一種替代方法：通過劫持電視衛星並將其用作偏轉小行星的臨時手段來重新利用電視衛星。
這種方法背後的科學似乎是合理的，儘管它也有其缺陷，例如當小行星離地球足夠遠時能夠偏轉小行星。這可能意味著超過六個月的時間。
其他方法側重於破壞，這意味著摧毀小行星。最近提出的一種方法建議在小行星足夠遠時使用核爆炸，大部分碎片都會經過，儘管這仍然需要時間。
提出的另一種方法是使用動能穿甲彈炸毀小行星的核心，而這個方法可以在更短的時間內完成。
然後這些碎片會散佈成一團碎片，如果沒有完全偏離航線，就會以大約 60 馬赫的速度進入地球大氣層。
但這就是地球大氣層開始發揮作用的地方，因為以如此高的速度進入大氣層會導致它經歷嚴重的熱量和壓力。這些壓力反過來會導致碎片進一步爆炸，產生某種音爆。
這對某些人來說可能看起來很可怕，因為正如參與這項研究的科學家所指出的那樣，這似乎類似於熱核彈的爆炸。但這只是一場大型無害的“光與聲”秀，不存在核輻射風險。灰塵可能仍然存在，但不會造成全球氣候災難的災難性後果。
Ancient asteroids struck Earth frequently, delayed rise of life - study
Some of these asteroids were around 10 kilometers in size, and struck the Earth 10 times as often as current models would have suggested.
By AARON REICH
OCTOBER 24, 2021 18:34
An asteroid is shown in an artist's rendition crashing into Earth in an event that scientists believe occurred in the Caribbean region at the boundary of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods in Earth's geologic history about 65 million years ago causing the extinction of dinosaurs.
(photo credit: REUTERS)
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Asteroid impacts remain one of the most dangerous possible natural disasters, but catastrophic collisions have been few in living memory. However, that was certainly not the case for Earth's early years, when the young planet was furiously bombarded by massive ancient asteroids – 10 times more often than previously believed – and may have delayed the planet from being able to support life, a new study has revealed.
The impacts recorded in the study took place during the Archean eon, a period between 2.5 billion and 4 billion years ago. During this time, the planet's environment was very different – and being bombarded by asteroids undoubtedly changed the landscape even further.
Analyzing asteroid remnants, the scientists created a model of the effects of these collisions. According to their findings, published in the academic journal Nature Geoscience, major asteroid impacts occurred around once every 15 million years, 10 times more frequently than current models have suggested.
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These were no small asteroids, either, with some of them around six miles (10 kilometers) in size.
For comparison, NASA has labeled any asteroid 140 meters or larger approaching the planet as a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA), due to having the potential to cause catastrophic damage to the Earth.
Asteroid impact: How can we stop one from happening? (credit: PIXABAY)
When these massive asteroids struck the planet, it resulted in the creation of impact spherules. These form when asteroid impacts melt and vaporize parts of the planet's crust, causing them to form a giant plume above the surface before the molten rock condenses and solidifies. It would then fall back to the planet as particles the size of grains of sand, settling into the crust. The more layers of impact spherules there are, the more impacts there would have been.
These are very difficult to find, but discoveries made in recent years have increased scientific understanding of the number of impact events during this period.
But the influence these asteroid impacts had may go far beyond simply causing destruction to the landscape. In fact, they may have altered the very chemistry of the atmosphere.
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THE ARCHEAN eon was the period in which life first began to form on Earth, as well as the slow accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Oxygen itself was not present in the atmosphere in any significant amount until the early Proterozoic era 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago, after anaerobic algae released it during photosynthesis.
But it is now thought to be possible that oxygen could have accumulated earlier – had it not been for these asteroids.
An asteroid is seen heading towards the planet in this artistic rendition. (credit: PIXABAY)
"The cumulative impactor mass delivered to the early Earth was an important ‘sink’ of oxygen, suggesting that early bombardment could have delayed oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere," lead author Dr. Simone Marchi of Stanford University's Southwest Research Institute said in a statement.
This is because the asteroid impacts produce reactive gases, which can snuff out low levels of oxygen in the atmosphere.
But as time went on and bombardments were less frequent, oxygen levels in the atmosphere began to rise, in what was known as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE).
“Impact vapors caused episodic low oxygen levels for large spans of time preceding the GOE,” Marchi said. “As time went on, collisions become progressively less frequent and too small to be able to significantly alter post-GOE oxygen levels. The Earth was on its course to become the current planet.”
THE DESTRUCTIVE nature of asteroids, even small ones, is something well-known to experts, with space agencies around the world monitoring for potential catastrophic impacts, as well as researching potential means of stopping them.
One method for possibly stopping the impact of an asteroid is through the use of deflection, which would mean launching something to slightly alter an asteroid's path. The most prominent of these efforts is the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission, set to be launched in November, the result of efforts by NASA and the Applied Physics Laboratory.
In layman's terms, it means punching an asteroid with a rocket with enough speed to change its direction by a fraction of a percent.
However, this method does have its flaws, most notably timing. The spacecraft used in the DART mission has taken a considerably long amount of time and resources to develop and launch. In case of an asteroid impact that seems so sudden, that kind of time could be a luxury the planet can't afford.
ANOTHER METHOD proposed in July 2021 by the Airbus company suggested an alternative: repurposing TV satellites by essentially hijacking them and using them as an ad hoc means of deflecting the asteroid.
The science behind this method seems sound, though it also has its flaws, such as being able to deflect the asteroid when it's far enough away from the planet. That could hypothetically mean over six months away.
Other methods focus on disruption, meaning destroying the asteroid. One method recently proposed suggested using a nuclear explosion when the asteroid is far enough away, with a majority of the fragments passing by, though this would still take time.
Another method proposed uses kinetic penetrators to blow up the core of the asteroid, and this one could be done on much shorter notice.
The fragments would then be spread out into a cloud of fragments and, if not blown completely off course, would then head into the Earth's atmosphere at speeds of around Mach 60.
But this is where the Earth's atmosphere kicks in, as entering the atmosphere at such a high speed causes it to experience severe levels of heat and pressure. These stresses would in turn cause the fragments to explode further, creating a sonic boom of sorts.
This may seem terrifying to some, because, as noted by the scientists involved in the study, it would seem similar to the explosion of a thermonuclear bomb. But it would only be a large and harmless "light and sound" show, so there is no nuclear radiation risk. Dust could still be present, but it would not be so catastrophic as to cause a worldwide climate disaster scenario.
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