Professional burnout has been described by WHO as a syndrome conceptualised as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. Intensive care unit (ICU) professionals are at high risk of experiencing burnout due to the presence of patients with life-threatening illnesses, the observed discrepancies in job demands, re…

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a life-threatening syndrome, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. In ARDS patients and mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, two distinct subphenotypes, presenting hyper- and non-hyperinflammatory characteristics, have been identified. Studies show that early identification of the …

Cerebral ultrasound is a developing point-of-care tool for intensivists and emergency physicians, with an important role in diagnosing acute intracranial pathology. The use of transcranial Doppler has expanded over the last years, opening a new window to the assessment of cerebral anatomy not only in neurocritical patients but also in general ICU a…

Nutrition plays a vital role in the management of critically ill patients, and a tailored approach based on patient assessment, nutritional requirements, and clinical status is essential for optimising outcomes and promoting recovery. The concept of patient phenotyping and endotyping will help clinicians to better target nutrition interventions for…

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection. Despite progress in the understanding of sepsis pathophysiology, no specific treatment has proven successful. The precision therapy, a greater understanding of the heterogeneity of sepsis is needed. Recent approaches to measuring sepsis heterogene…

VA-ECMO outcome scores have been previously developed and used extensively for risk adjustment, patient prognostication, and quality control across time and centres. The limitation of such scores is the derivation by using traditional statistical methods which are not capable of covering the complexity of ECMO outcomes. The Extracorporeal Life Supp…

Numerous Population Pharmacokinetic (PopPK) models have been developed for Piperacillin (PIP), most of which are based on small monocentric studies and may not be generalizable to other populations. A recent evaluation of six PIP models in 30 ICU patients receiving CI demonstrated large inter-model variability regarding predictability. The transfer…

The concept of a "green ICU" is increasingly important in today's world, as sustainability and environmental considerations become integral to healthcare practices. Hospitals, including ICUs, can have a substantial environmental footprint due to energy consumption, waste generation, and resource use. Implementing green practices reduces this impact…

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the term applied to a spectrum of conditions with different etiologies that share common clinical-pathological characteristics including: increased permeability of the alveolo-capillary membrane, resulting in inflammatory edema; increased non-aerated lung tissue resulting in higher lung elastance (lower…

Sepsis‐associated acute kidney injury (SA‐AKI) is a common, increasingly prevalent problem in the intensive care unit (ICU). The association between sepsis and AKI has been studied previously. However, the lack of a reproducible and standardized consensus definition has limited the interpretability of available knowledge. In order to assess SA-AKI …

Transportation of critically ill patients is inevitable in most health systems. Prehospital transportation (PHT) may be necessary after a major injury or as a result of a life-threatening illness – for example, myocardial infarction, intracranial haemorrhage, or metabolic coma. On our ESICM Academy, we offer a course series on Patient Transportatio…

Intensive care units (ICU) are the most peculiar units in hospitals where the quality and safety of health care delivery should be at the highest level. The most critical patients are treated in this unit, posing all healthcare professionals working there with continuous physical and emotional challenges. ICU teams are composed of different profile…

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is common after major trauma, affecting up to two-thirds of patients with critical injuries. Post-trauma MODS is associated with a mortality of over 20% and poor long-term outcomes in those who survive. Current management is supportive, and there are no specific pharmacological agents that prevent organ dy…

Sepsis is a life-threatening acute organ dysfunction secondary to infection and affects more than 19 million people annually. In 2017, it was estimated that almost 49 million people were infected by sepsis, and half of those cases occurred in children under 5. In-hospital mortality has declined over the years, resulting in a large number of sepsis …

Central nervous system (CNS) infections significantly burden ICU physicians' daily clinical work. Diagnosis can be challenging, and timely management is of the utmost importance. Meningoencephalitis is one of the CNS infections for which the epidemiological studies conducted in adult patients suggest that approximately one in two will require care …

Several studies have found an association between diabetes mellitus, disease severity and outcome in COVID-19 patients. Old, critically ill patients are particularly at risk. A recent multicentre international prospective cohort study was performed in 151 ICUs across 26 countries to investigate the impact of diabetes mellitus on 90-day mortality in…

International guidelines recommend targeting normocapnia in adults with coma resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. However, normocapnia may be insufficient to restore and maintain adequate cerebral perfusion. Conversely, mild hypercapnia increases cerebral blood flow and may improve neurologic outcomes. Nevertheless, the most effective…

Severe community‐acquired pneumonia (sCAP) is a clinical entity to describe ICU-admitted patients with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) as they might require organ support, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. While European and non‐European guidelines are available for CAP, there are no specific guidelines for sCAP. Therefore,…

Preclinical models of acute kidney injury (AKI) consistently demonstrate that a uremic milieu enhances renal recovery and decreases kidney fibrosis. Reduced renal clearance has the surprising and counterintuitive effect of being an effective treatment for AKI. In this perspective, Dr Lakhmir S. Chawla suggests a hypothesis describing why the uremic mi…

Coagulopathy is a severe and frequent complication in critically ill patients, for which the pathogenesis and presentation may be variable depending on the underlying disease. Therefore, a review has been conducted to differentiate between hemorrhagic coagulopathies, characterised by a hypercoagulable and hyperfibrinolysis state, and thrombotic coa…

End-of-life care is an approach to a terminally ill patient that shifts the focus of care to symptom control, comfort, dignity, quality of life, and quality of dying rather than treatments aimed at cure or prolongation of life. A detailed description of the concept of the end of life care and as well how to deal with end-of-life situations are disc…

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) produces and regularly updates guidelines for managing patients with sepsis and septic shock. However, deviation from guidelines is frequently observed in the intensive care unit. The last iteration of the SSC includes 79 recommendations where the impact on mortality remains unclear for some of them. Prioritising…

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. In this context, biomarkers could be considered indicators of either infection or dysregulated host response or response to treatment and/or aid clinicians in prognosticating patient risk. A recently published narrative review provides current data o…

Individualising drug dosing using model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin has been proposed as an alternative to standard dosing to optimise antibiotic efficacy in critically ill patients. However, randomised clinical trials (RCT) on clinical outcomes have been lacking. In this podcast, Drs Ewoldt and Abd…

Bronchiolitis is a common lung infection in young children and infants. Approximately one-tenth of the affected children are admitted, and between 2 and 6% of them present a severe form and are referred to paediatric intensive care units. Nevertheless, the definition of severe acute bronchiolitis is mainly clinical and based on low levels of eviden…